[转载]从彼特拉克到莎士比亚
(2012-07-12 13:29:59)
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一、
Ye who in rhymes dispersed the echoes
hear
Of those sad sighs with which my heart I
fed
When early youth my mazy wanderings
led,
Fondly diverse from what I now
appear,
Fluttering 'twixt frantic hope and frantic
fear,
From those by whom my various style is
read,
I hope, if e'er their hearts for love have
bled,
Not only pardon, but perhaps a
tear.
But now I clearly see that of
mankind
Long time I was the tale: whence bitter
thought
And self-reproach with frequent blushes
teem;
While of my frenzy, shame the fruit I
find,
And sad repentance, and the proof,
dear-bought,
That the world's joy is but a flitting
dream.[1]
二、
The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor |
韵脚 |
音节数 |
重音数 |
1 The lōng | lōve that | in my | thōught doth | hārbor, 2 And in | mine hēart | doth kēep | his rē|sidēnce, 3 Into | my fāce | prēsseth | with bōld | pretēnse 4 And thēre|in cām|peth, sprēa|ding his | bānner. 5 Shē that | me lēar|neth to | lōve and | sūffer 6 And will | thāt my | trūst and | lūst’s nē|gligēnce 7 Be rēined | by rēa|son, shāme,| and rē|verēnce 8 With his | hārdi|ness tā|keth dis|plēasure. 9 Wherewithāl | unto | the hēart’s | fōrest | he flēeth, 10 Lēaving | his ēn|terprīse | with pāin | and cr? 11 And thēre | him hī|deth, and | nōt ap|pēareth. 12 Whāt may | I dō,| when my | māster | fēareth, 13 But in | the fiēld | with hīm | to līve | and dīe? 14 For gōod | is the | līfe ēn|ding fāith|full?[4] |
a b b a a b b a c d e e d d |
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 |
4 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 5 4 5 4 5 |
三、塞莱十四行诗的音韵特点:
Love, That Doth Reign and Live Within My Thought |
韵脚 |
音节数 |
重音数 |
1 Lōve, that | doth rēign | and līve | withīn | my thōught, 2 And buīlt | his sēat | withīn | my cāp|tive brēast, 3 Clād in | the ārms | whereīn | with mē | he fōught, 4 Lft in | my fāce | he dōth | his bān|ners rēst. 5 But shē | that tāught | me lōve | and sūf|fers pāin, 6 My dōubt|ful hōpe | and ēke | my hōt | desīre 7 With shāme|fast lōok | to shā|dow ānd | refrāin, 8 Her smī|ling grāce | convēr|teth strāight | to īre. 9 And cōw|ard Lōve,| thēn, to | the hēart | apāce 10 Tāketh | his flīght,| where he | dōth lūrk | and plāin, 11 His pūr|pose lōst,| and dāre | not shōw | his fāce. 12 For my | lōrd’s guīlt | thus fāult|less bīde | I pāin, 13 Yēt from | my lōrd | shall nōt | my fōot | remōve: 14 Swēet is | the dēath | that tā|keth ēnd | by lōve. [5] |
a b a b c d c d e f e f g g |
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 |
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 |
四、斯宾塞十四行诗的音韵特点:
斯宾塞体十四行诗在韵律的安排上很有新意。斯宾塞用自己发明的九行诗体改造了塞莱的英国体十四行诗。九行诗体押ababbcbcc韵,前8行均用抑扬格五音步,第九行用扬抑格六音步。斯宾塞把其中的前8行扩展成12行,押abab bcbc cdcd韵,再加上英国体十四行诗的结尾偶句,便构成了一种新的十四行诗体。与英国体最大的不同在于三个四行诗节在韵律上产生了联系,即相邻两个诗节被相同的韵脚粘和在一起,在形式上前12行浑然一体,有给人一张一弛、在循环往复中前进的感觉。沃尔多·麦克尼尔的评价恰到好处:斯宾塞的十四行诗既不像意大利十四行诗那样在八行诗节和六行诗节中对称地升降,也不像英国十四行诗那样循序渐进在结尾偶句中达到高潮,而是在连续不断的流动中形成内在的逻辑。[7]下面这首诗是《爱情小唱》中的第75首,从中可以管窥斯宾塞体十四行诗的音韵特征。
One Day I Wrote Her Name Upon the Stand |
韵脚 |
音节数 |
重音数 |
1 One dāy | I wrōte | her nāme | upōn | the strānd, 2 But cāme | the wāves | and wā|shèd it | awāy: 3 Agāyne | I wrōte | it with | a sē|cond hānd, 4 But cāme | the t鵧e,| and māde | my pāynes | his prāy. 5 “Vayne mān,”| sayd shē,| “that dōest | in vāine | assāy, 6 A mōr|tall thīng | sō to | immōr|talīze, 7 For *| my sēlve | shall l鵮e | to thīs | decāy, 8 And ēek | my nāme | bee w鵿pèd ōut | lykewīze.” 9 “Not sō,”| quod *,| “let bā|ser thīngs | devīze, 10 To d?| in dūst,| but yōu | shall līve | by fāme: 11 My vērse | your vēr|tues rāre | shall ē|ternīze, 12 And in | the hēa|vens wr鵷e | your glō|rious nāme. 13 Where whē|nas dēath | shall āll | the wōrld | subdēw, 14 Our lōve | shall līve,| and lā|ter līfe | renēw.”[8] |
a b a b b c b c c d c d e e |
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 |
5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 |
五、莎士比亚十四行诗的音韵特点:
73 |
韵脚 |
音节数 |
重音数 |
次重音数 |
1 That tīme | of yēar | thou māyst | in mē | behōld 2 When yēl|low lēaves,| or nōne,| or fēw,| do hāng 3 Upōn | thōse bōughs | which shāke | agāinst | the cōld, 4 Bāre rūin'd | chōirs,| where lāte | the swēet | bīrds sāng. 5 In mē | thou sēe'st | the twī|light of | sūch dāy 6 As ā|fter sūn|set fā|deth in | the wēst; 7 Which b?| and b?| blāck nīght | doth tāke | awāy, 8 Dēath's sē|cond sēlf,| that sēals | ūp āll | in rēst. 9 In mē | thou sēe'st | the glōw|ing of |sūch fīre, 10 That ōn | the ā|shes of | his yōuth | doth līe, 11 As the | dēath-bēd,| whereōn | it mūst | expīre, 12 Consūm'd | with thāt | which it | was nōu|rish'd b?[9] 13 This thōu | percēiv'st,| which mākes | thy lōve | mōre strōng, 14 To lōve | that wēll,| which thōu | must lēave | ere lōng. |
a b a b c d c d e f e f g g |
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 |
5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 |
0 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 |
在营造气氛和表达主题上,音韵的作用功不可没。前三节每节中的四行诗交叉用韵,浑然一体,下一节在此基础上更进一步,逐渐达到高潮;警句式的偶句结尾极富戏剧性,因此极有震撼力。由上表可见,这首诗一个很大的特点是次重音的使用。诗中共有10个次重音,分布在8行里。如第4行中出现三个重音连在一起的情况(“Bare ruin'd choirs”),“bare”是实词(形容词),其重要性不亚于“ruin'd”,因此也应该重读,只是为照顾节奏,才把它划为次重音的。“choirs”是这个短语的中心词,因此必须重读。这样一来,三个重读长元音放在一起,首先使人注意到它与常规的抑扬格有别,其次使诗行的节奏明显放慢,垂垂老矣之感跃然纸上,与诗行的内容产生共鸣。同样道理,其它多个重音相连的情况也产生类似效果,大大增强了诗歌的表现力。
注释:
[1] Petrarch, Francesco, “HE CONFESSES THE VANITY OF HIS PASSION,” Lord Charlemont, tran, The Sonnets, Triumphs, and Other Poems of Petrarch, London: George Bell and Son Ltd., 1879, 90-91.
[2] 王佐良,《英国诗史》,南京:译林出版社,1997,第57页。
[3] Baldick, Chris, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, 105.
[4] [5][8][9]Abrams, M. H., ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. 1, New York: W. W. Norton, 1986, 440. 451. McNeir. F. Waldo, “An Apology for Spenser’s ‘Amoretti’”, Essential Articles for the Study of Edmund Spenser, ed. A. C. Hamilton, CT: Archon Press, 1972, 529. 814
[6] 陈嘉,《英国文学史》(I),北京:商务印书馆,1982,第112页。
[7] McNeir. F. Waldo, “An Apology for Spenser’s ‘Amoretti’”, Essential Articles for the Study of Edmund Spenser, ed. A. C. Hamilton, CT: Archon Press, 1972, 529.