人格的大五模型

“大五”模型从首次出现到正式确定有着一个漫长的过程(John, Naumann, & Soto,2008)。1949年，Fiske通过对卡特尔的22个变量进行因素分析偶然发现5个因子，这被认为是当今大五模型的第一个版本，这五个因子在自评、观察评定和同伴评定数据中均稳定出现。Fiske将这五个因子命名为：自信的自我表达（Confident Self-Expression (I)），社会适应性（Social Adaptability (II)），一致性（Conformity (III)），情绪控制（Emotional Control (IV)）和好奇智力（Inquiring Intellect (V)）。随后的一系列研究也验证了五个因子的存在(e.g., Digman,1989; Peabody & Goldberg, 1989)。

1990年，Digman和Goldberg分别在《心理学年鉴》和《人格与社会心理学杂志》上发表的两篇独立的文章标志着人格特质大五模型分类系统正式被提出(Digman,1990; Goldberg,1990)。纵观大五模型从偶然被发现到正式被作为理论模型提出来共经历了40年，而到今天则已有60年。在这60年里，大五模型并非一帆风顺，来自各方的批评和“非难”从来都没有停止过，但更多的实证研究结果多支持这一模型。这些证据可以概括为以下四个方面：①纵向和横向研究结果均表明用五个维度是稳健的；②五个维度均来自词汇学和其他人格分类系统；③这五个维度具有跨年龄、性别、种族和语言的一致性；④五个维度具有生物基础(Costa, & McCrae,1992)。

上述以词汇学假设为基础的研究发现五个稳定的因子，另外一条通过对现存人格问卷进行因素分析的主线也得到了类似的结果。Krug 和Johns (1986)对17000个16PF数据进行因素分析发现五个二阶因子：外向性，神经质，强硬姿态，独立性和控制，虽然与“大五”的五个维度对应的并非很完美，但已经很接近了。

通过基于大五模型编制的NEO-PI人格问卷可以将基于其他人格结构理论编制的人格问卷进行整合(Costa, & McCrae,1992)，这些理论或量表包括：Jackson人格问卷(Costa & McCrae,1988)，艾森克人格问卷(McCrae & Costa,1985)，Wiggins人际圈模型(McCrae & Costa,1989)，MMPI(Costa, Busch, Zonderman, & McCrae,1986)和MBTI(McCrae & Costa,1989)等等。

如果说词汇学和测验所得结果不足以让所有人信服的话，那么来自行为遗传学的证据则更为有力。几项双生子研究结果揭示，人格结构的五个维度主要是由于基因遗传决定的(Jang, Livesley, & Vernon,1996; McCrae, & Costa,1999; Yamagata et al.,2006)。

现在公认的五个维度如下：

外向性Extraversion

严谨性Conscientiousness

宜人性Agreeableness

开放性Openness

神经质Neuroticism

References:

Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. NEO-PI-R. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Inc. 1992.

Costa, P. T, Jr., & McCrae, R. R.. Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 1992, 13:653-665.

Costa, P. T, Jr., Busch, C. M, Zonderman, A. B., & McCrae, R. R. Correlations of MMPI factor scales with measures of the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1986, 50:640-650.

Digman, J. M. Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility. Journal of Personality, 1989, 57:195-214.

Digman, J. M. Personality structure: Emergence of the five factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 1990, 41:417-440.

Costa, P. T, Jr., & McCrae, R. R. From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988, 55:258-265.

Goldberg, L. R. An alternative “description of personality”: The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 59:1216-1229.

Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. Heritability of the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets: A Twin Study. Journal of Personality, 1996, 64(3):577-591.

John, O. P., Naumann, L. R. & Soto, C. J. Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues. In O. P. John., R.W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin(Eds), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008:114-158.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. X, Jr. Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 1985, 6:587-597.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T, Jr. The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins' circumplex and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 56:586-595.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. X, Jr. Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Xype Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 1989, 57:17-40.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. A five–factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd Ed) . New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 139-153.

Peabody, D., & Goldberg, L. R. Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 57:552-567.

Shinji Yamagata, Atsunobu Suzuki, Juko Ando, Yutaka Ono, Nobuhiko Kijima, et al. Is the Genetic Structure of Human Personality Universal? A Cross-Cultural Twin Study From North America, Europe, and Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006, 90(6):987-998