第1题：Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Tipping Etiquette

Tipping has been around for hundreds of years. A tip, or gratuity, is defined as a gift of money given to someone for performing a service, over and above the payment due for the service. Tips are not required, but they are expected by many people in the service industry. In fact, many U.S. waiters and waitresses are paid less than the minimum wage, as tips are expected to make up the other part of their income. The amounts and percentages suggested below should be used as a general guideline only. If service is poor, give a smaller tip or none at all. If service is superior, feel free to be more generous with your gratuity.

In fine-dining establishments, there are a number of people to tip. Servers expect 15%—20% of the pre-tax amount of the bill. If a number of bottles of wine are ordered during the course of the meal, the prevailing belief is that the wine costs should not be figured into the final tip. Of course, if a wine steward was involved in the selection and serving, he or she should be tipped 15% of the wine bill. A waiter or waitress should be taken care of, too, as that person can help to make your dining experience a favorable one. A twenty-dollar tip is a good place to start and will help to establish a relationship between the two of you. This can work in your favor when the time comes to entertain the important people in your life and career. Barmen should receive 15% of the bar bill, give the coat room attendant $1.00 per coat, and pass along $1.00 to the hotel parker.

Tips also need to be given to certain people in the transportation industry. If you check your luggage at the curbside near the airport, tip your skycap (机场搬运工) a minimum of $1.00 per bag. Airport wheelchair pushers appreciate a few dollars for their efforts. Taxi drivers should be tipped 15% of the fare. Many cities around the world have established a rider’s bill of rights, which tells riders they have the right to enjoy, for example, air conditioning on command, a radio-free ride, smoke-free air, and a clean seat. Riders are encouraged not to tip if the rights are not complied with.

Hairstylists at beauty salons and barbershops should be tipped 15% of the bill and those who shampoo your hair get $1.00 to $2.00. If more than one person provides services, for example one doing color and another cutting your hair, tip each person 10%—15% of their portion of the bill. Manicurists (指甲美容师) should receive no less than $1.00 or 15% of the bill.

At hotels, give the waiter $5.00 to $10.00 for bringing your luggage to your room. If you order room service, tips are usually included in the tab and range from 15% to 18% of the bill. Chambermaids appreciate $2.00 to $5.00 each day for taking care of your room. Give the doorman at least $1.00 for helping to call a taxi, and in terrible weather, give a little more. No tip is necessary for the doorman who takes care of a simple task, such as dinner reservations or a shuttle bus booking. For more complicated services, $10 to $20 is appropriate.

There are some basic guidelines on tipping etiquette:

Time Your Tipping

Sometimes the tipping can be a reward, while sometimes it could be a subtle bribe. If, however, you would like to ensure special service throughout your stay (say, from the doorman), a larger tip up front is a good idea.

Keep Bills Handy for Tipping

Keep several one-dollar bills handy in an accessible pocket. You don’t want to be searching for them when you’re taking luggage. Keep the bills neatly folded in groups of one or two bills.

Don’t Ask for Change

According to tipping etiquette, it creates a very awkward situation to ask for change from the person you are tipping. If for some reason you don’t have a tip ready, it’s better to skip it, particularly if you can get change from somewhere else and return with your tip at some point in the future.

Know Your Tipping Tendencies

Be aware of your own unconscious tipping tendencies. Studies show women tend to tip men more generously (and men tip women better). Tipping goes up universally when the weather is good, lower when it is not. Attractive women earn higher tips, as do attentive men who don’t make mistakes.

Know the Tipping Policy

Increasingly, high-end hotels are instituting “no tipping policies” that include gratuities in the price of the room. Some, particularly resorts, are charging a daily fee that covers all gratuities. However, if you sign up for outside excursions or tours (even those that don’t cost extra), chances are the drivers and /or the tour guides will expect tips. Ask about it when you book.

Bed and Breakfast Tipping Etiquette

In general, tipping etiquette dictates that business owners are not given tips. Most B&Bs fall under that category, and indeed, most have “no tipping policies” in place. If you are in doubt, ask about their tipping policy when you book your room. (If the housekeeping staff is not part of the family, do tip them as you would in a hotel.)

Don’t feel obligated to give a tip if the service given is bad. On the other hand, consider giving a larger tip for those who go out of their way to provide personalized or standout service. Although it is not required, tipping etiquette says that unless service is severely lacking in some way, do give a tip of some sort (or at least a smile and a thank you). Tipping etiquette varies worldwide. These tipping guidelines are for the United States only. Expectations (and tipping amounts) can vary quite a bit from country to country. Check a travel guide for the particular country you will be visiting for the proper tipping etiquette. Now that you know the secrets behind tipping etiquette, check the Hotel Tipping Guide for whom to tip at a hotel (and how much to tip them).

1.(10.0分)What is the attitude of people in the service industry about tips?

A.  Tips are not only required but also expected by the people in the service industry.

B.  Tips must be paid by the people who have accepted the service.

C.  People in the service industry could not require tips, but they are willing to getsome tips.

D.  People in the service industry could require some tips after they offer the service.

2.(10.0分) If people order a number of bottles of wine during the course of the meal, the final tip should（）

A.  exclude the wine costs.

B.  include the wine costs

C.  not be paid

D.  be paid only 15% of the bill

3.(10.0分)  In some cities, how can taxi drivers get their tips?

A.  Taxi drivers must find the right place.

B.  Taxi drivers must help the riders with their luggage.

C.  Taxi drivers must clean the seats of their taxi.

D.  Taxi drivers must need riders’ requirements.

4.(10.0分)  How much will each person who provides services at beauty salons and barbershops

be tipped?

A.  Every person will be paid 15% of the bill.

B.  Different people will get different tips.

C.  Each person should receive no less than $1.00.

D.  Each person should receive at least 10% of the bill.

5.(10.0分)  At hotels, what is the appreciated tip for more complicated services?

A.  $10 to $20.

B.  10% to 20% of the bill.

C.  $5.00 to $10.00.

D.  !5% to 18% of the bill.

6.(10.0分)  According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A.  You don’t tip the person repeatedly throughout your trip.

B.  You should tip the person repeatedly, if you need some special service.

C.  If you want to get special service, you can tip ahead.

D.  If you are using the service of one person repeatedly, tip ahead.

7.(10.0分) According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. People tend to give more tips when the weather is good because people are in a better mood in good weather.

B.  Studies show men tend to tip attractive women more generously.

C.  Women usually give much more tips to men who offered them service.

D.  Women only tip attentive men better.

8.(10.0分)  Now, more and more higher-end hotels are instituting ________ in which tips are included in the price of the room.

 

9.(10.0分)  Consider _____ for those who provide you with personalized or impressive service.

 

10.(10.0分) Before you go to a country, you can check a travel guide for _____.

 

第2题：(10.0分) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Many years ago trying to help people with every kind of trouble left me with one sure conviction(信念): In case after case the difficulty could have been overcome — or might never have arisen — if the people involved had just treated one another with common courtesy.

Courtesy, politeness, good manners — call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand. "It's not so much what my husband says," a tearful wife confides, "as the way he says it. Why does he have to yell at me?" "I hate my boss," a grim-faced office worker mutters. "He never shows appreciation for anything." "All we get from our teenagers," a harassed (烦恼的) parent says, "is resentment."

Such complaints are not limited to people who sit in my study. Human beings everywhere hunger for courtesy. "Good manners," said Ralph Waldo Emerson, "are the happy way of doing things." And the reverse is equally true. Bad manners can ruin a day — or wreck a friendship.

What are the basic ingredients of good manners? Certainly, a strong sense of justice is one; courtesy is often nothing more than a highly developed sense of fair play. A friend once told me of driving along a one-lane, unpaved mountain road. Ahead was another car that produced clouds of choking dust, and it was a long way to the nearest paved highway. Suddenly, at a wider place, the car ahead pulled off the road(开至路边停下). Thinking that its owner might have engine trouble, my friend stopped and asked if anything was wrong. "No," said the other driver. "But you've endured my dust this far; I'll put up with yours the rest of the way." There was a man with manners, and an innate sense of fair play.

Another ingredient of courtesy is empathy (同情), a quality that enables a person to see into the mind or heart of someone else, to understand the pain or unhappiness there and to do something to minimize it. Recently in a book about a famous restaurant chain I came across such an episode (插曲).

A man dining alone was trying to unscrew (旋开) the cap of a bottle of catsup (调味番茄酱) but his fingers were so badly crippled by arthritis (关节炎) that he couldn't do it. He asked a young busboy (餐厅侍者助手) to help him. The boy took the bottle, turned his back momentarily and loosened the cap without difficulty. Then he tightened it again. Turning back to the man, he feigned (假装) a great effort to open the bottle without success. Finally he took it into the kitchen and returned shortly, saying that he had managed to loosen it — but only with a pair of pliers (钳子). What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare (不伤害) the feelings of a stranger? Courtesy, compassionate courtesy.

Yet another component of politeness is the capacity to treat all people alike, regardless of all status or importance. Even when you have doubts about some people, act as if they are worthy of your best manners. You may also be astonished to find out that they really are.

I truly believe that anyone can improve his or her manners by doing three things. First, by practicing courtesy. All skills require constant repetition to become second nature; good manners are no exception.

One simple way is to concentrate on your performance in a specific area for about a week. Telephone manners, for example. How often do you talk too long, speak abruptly, fail to identify yourself(自报身份), keep people waiting, display impatience with the operator or fail to return a call? Or driving a car, why not monitor (监督) yourself sternly (严格地) for aggressive driving, unnecessary horn-blowing, following too closely, failing to yield the right-of-way (优先通行权)?

One difficult but essential thing to remember is to refuse to let other people's bad manners lead you to retaliate in kind (以牙还牙地报复). I recall a story told by a young man who was in a car with his father one night when a driver in an oncoming vehicle failed to dim his lights. "Give him the brights(前灯光), Dad!" the young man urged in exasperation (愤怒). "Son," replied the father, "that driver is certainly discourteous and probably stupid. But if I give him the brights he'll be discourteous, stupid and blind — and that's a combination I don't want to tangle (有纠葛) with!"

The second requirement for improving your manners is to think in a courteous way. In the long run(从长远的观点看), the kind of person you are is the result of what you've been thinking over the past twenty or thirty years. If your thoughts are predominantly self-directed, a discourteous person is what you will be. If on the other hand you train yourself to be considerate of others, if you can acquire the habit of identifying with (认同) their problems and hopes and fears, good manners will follow almost automatically.

Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage. In the intimacy of the home it is easy to project disappointment or frustration or anger onto the nearest person, and that person is often a husband or wife.

"When you feel your anger getting out of control," I have often said to married couples, "force yourself for the next ten minutes to treat your married partner as if he or she were a guest in your home." I knew that if they could impose just ten minutes of good manners on themselves, the worst of the storm would blow over.

Finally, to have good manners you must be able to accept courtesy, receive it gladly, rejoice when it comes your way. Strangely, some people are suspicious of gracious treatment. They suspect the other person of having some ulterior motive (别有用心的动机).

But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached (不加附带条件). You can't achieve a beautiful day through any effort on your part. You can't buy a sunset or even the scent of a rose. Those are the world's courtesies to us, offered with love and no thought of reward or return. Good manners are, or should be, like that.

In the end, it all comes down to (可归结为) how you regard people — not just people in general, but individuals. Life is full of minor irritations (让人恼火的事) and trials and injustices. The only constant, daily, effective solution is politeness — which is the golden rule in action. I think that if I were allowed to add one small beatitude (祝福) as a footnote to the other it might be: Blessed are the courteous.

1.(10.0分) In which following way does the author introduce the topic?

A. He introduces the topic with his great disappointment at people failing to treat one another with courtesy.

B. He introduces the topic with his firm belief that we would have a happier world if weexercised courtesy in human relations.

C. He introduces the topic with a detailed description of people’s strong desire for proper treatment.

D. He introduces the topic with people’s complaints about being rudely treated at home or at work.

2.(10.0分)To treat everyone else with courtesy, it is essential for one to have __________ .

A.  the ability to imagine and share other people’s feelings and experiences

B.  the capacity to treat all people alike

C.  a strong sense of fairness

D.  all of the above

3.(10.0分)When asked to help open a bottle, the busboy went out of his way to ______.

A.  express in words his sympathy to the crippled customer

B.  show compassion for the helpless man

C.  avoid hurting the feelings of the stranger

D.  get the bottle open despite great difficulty

4.(10.0分)The phrase “failing to yield the right-of-way” means ______.

A.  pulling up abruptly into the traffic stream

B.  exceeding the speed limit

C.  taking a sudden turn without giving a signal

D.  not giving up to others the right to go first

5.(10.0分) The author tells the story of a young man in a car with his father to ______.

A.  emphasize that good manners can only be formed by constant repetition

B.  illustrate that one should not adopt a “tit for tat” attitude when rudely treated

C.  prove that a courteous person never has the thought of reward or return

D.  indicate that it takes time to develop a sense of fair play

6.(10.0分) By “thinking courtesy” the author means __________ .

A.  “making sure that all of one’s thoughts, as well as one’s actions are courteous”

B.  “considering the necessity to act politely”

C.  “never losing one’s temper”

D.  “concentrating on acting in a polite way”

7.(10.0分)The author supports his ideas mainly by providing ___________ .

A.  personal experiences

B.  concrete examples

C.  convincing reasons

D.  detailed explanations

8.(10.0分) When treated politely, some people would suspect the other person of ______.

9.(10.0分) There is no any strings attached coming with ______.

 

10.(10.0分) As the golden rule in action, politeness is the only ____________

 

第1题：(10.0分) Directions: In this section, there are two passages,each of which has ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. 

Gratitude is the art of receiving gracefully, of showing appreciation for every kindness, great and small. Most of us do not fail to show our pleasure when we receive hospitality, gifts and obvious benefits, but even here we can ____ our manner of showing gratitude by making it as personal and sincere as possible. Recently, when ____ in southern Italy with my wife, I sent to a friend in Connecticut several bottles of a local wine which had taken our fancy. It was a trifling gift,____to our surprise, instead of the conventional letter of thanks, we receive a phonograph record. When we played it, we heard our friend's voice speaking after dinner,____ how he and his guests had enjoyed the wine and thanking us for our ____. It was pleasant to have this ____ proof that our gift had been appreciated.

Gratitude is sometimes more than a personal ____. My son, studying medicine at McGill University, told me of a patient brought into hospital in Montreal whose life was saved by a blood ____. When he was well again he asked: "Isn't there any way I can discover the name of the donor and thank him?" He was told that names of ____ are never revealed. A few weeks after his discharge he came back to give a pint of his own blood. Since then he has returned again and again for the same purpose. en a surgeon commented on this splendid record of ____ service, he answered simply: "Someone I never knew did it for me. I'm just saying 'thanks' ".

A) thought  B) thoughtfulness  C) unusual  D) describing E) transfusion  F) anonymous   G) described     H) touring     I) donator   J) perfect   K) voluntary     L) as     M) donors    N) affair   O) yet

第2题：(10.0分) Directions: In this section, there are two passages, each of which has ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.

There are several tools that I'm going to suggest you use as you begin your inner exploration. While all of them will help you become ______ and more content and will nurture your creativity, this first tool could change the quality of your life______belief: it's what I call a daily gratitude journal. I have a beautiful blank book and each night before I go to bed, I write down five things that I can be ______ about that day. Some days my list will be filled with ______ things, most days just simple joys. Mikey got lost in a fierce storm, but I found him______, wet but unharmed. I listened to Puccini while cleaning and remembered how much I love opera.

Other days--rough ones--I might think that I don't have five things to be grateful for, so I'll write down my______: my health, my husband and daughter, their health, my animals, my home, my friends, and the comfortable bed that I'm about to get into, as well as the fact that the day's over. That's okay. Real life isn't always going to be perfect or go our way, but the recurring acknowledgment of what is working in our lives can help us not only survive, but ______our difficulties.

The gratitude journal has to be the first step on the Simple Abundance path or it just won't work for you. Simplicity, order, harmony, beauty, and joy--all the other principles that can transform your life will not blossom and flourish ______ gratitude. If you want to travel this journey with me, the gratitude journal is not an option.

Why? Because you simply will not be the______ person two months from now after consciously giving thanks each day for the abundance that ______ in your life. And you have set in motion an ancient spiritual law; the more you have and are grateful for, the more will be given you.

A) in    B) amazed   C) happier     D) beyond     E) amazing      F) surmountG) grateful     H) exists   I) happy   J) exist      K) shiver     L) shivering   M) basics   N) without      O) same

第3题：(10.0分)  Directions: In this section, there are two passages, each of which has ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.

Americans today believe, erroneously, that acceptable social behavior follows effortlessly and naturally from personal virtue. The distinction between ______ and manners has become blurred. All you need is a good heart, most people_______, and the rest will take care of itself. You don't have to write thank-you notes.

The "natural" approach to human relations_______ that to know any person well enough is to love him, that the only human problem is a communication problem. This denies that people might be separated by basic, genuinely ______ differences --- philosophical, political, or religious --- and assumes that all such differences are no more than misunderstandings. Many forms of etiquette are employed precisely to disguise those antipathies that arise from irreconcilable differences.

Whenever the expectation exists that manners ought to be in full accord with morals, ethical problems _______ with the polite fictions or conventions that smooth ordinary life. In the days of ______ formal visiting, "Madam is not at home" was clearly understood to mean, "Madam can't  face you any more than you can her, but takes due note of the fact that you have done your duty." Nowadays, we never allow ourselves the convenience of being ______ unavailable, even to strangers. With telephones and beepers, people make themselves instantly ______ to everyone at all times, and it is the person who refuses to be on call, rather than the intruding caller, who is considered rude.

I receive much mail from correspondents who consider anything but blunt literalness to be ______. They become indignant because people who ask them "How do you do?" don't really want to hear about the malfunctioning of their bowels, and they demand an alternative to ______ letters "Yours truly" when writing to those whose trulies they don't want to be. It is a little annoying to have to check the weather report before venturing to say "Good morning." Those who believe in blunt, literal truth also claim special license to be rude by giving honest answers to such careless questions as "Do I look all right?"

A) temporarily        B) obligatory      C) available       D) completely     E) presume

F) dishonest        G) accessible       H) irreconcilable       I) assume       J) morals

K) dishonesty       L) signing       M) sign      N) presumes       O) arise

第4题：(10.0分)  Directions: In this section, there are two passages,each of which has ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. 

Two psychologists, Michael McCollough of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, and Robert Emmons of the University of California at Davis, wrote an article about an experiment they conducted on gratitude and its impact on well-being. The study _____ several hundred people into three different groups and all of the participants were asked to keep daily diaries. The first group kept a diary of the ______ that occurred during the day without being told specifically to write about either good or bad things; the second group was told to _______their unpleasant experiences; and the last group was instructed to make a daily list of things for which they were______. The results of the study indicated that daily gratitude exercises ________ in higher reported levels of alertness, enthusiasm, determination, optimism, and energy. In addition, those in the gratitude group experienced less depression and stress, were more _______ to help others, exercised more regularly, and made greater progress toward achieving personal goals.

Dr. Emmons – who has been studying gratitude for almost ten years and is ______ by many to be the world’s leading authority

on gratitude – is author of the book, “Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier ”. The information in this book is based on research ______thousands of people conducted by a number of different researchers around the world. One of the things these studies show is that practicing gratitude can increase ______levels by around 25%. This is significant, among other things, because just as there’s a certain weight that feels natural to your body and which your body strives to maintain, your basic level of happiness is set at a predetermined point. If something bad happens to you during the day, your happiness can drop momentarily, but then it returns to its natural set-point. ________, if something positive happens to you, your level of happiness rises, and then it returns once again to your “happiness set-point”. A practice of gratitude raises your “happiness set-point” so you can remain at a higher level of happiness regardless of outside circumstances.

A) grateful     B) resulted     C) considering    D) happy     E) alike     F) likelyG) Simultaneously      H) considered     I) involving     J) record      K) events      L) split      M) happiness      N) Likewise       O) affairs

第1题 ：Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.

If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but …” what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache ” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.

Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.

Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.

These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.

But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not.

1.(10.0分)  1.If a mother adds “but” to an apology, _______.

A.  she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized

B.  she does not realize that the child has been hurt

C.  the child may find the apology easier to accept

D.  the child may feel that he owes her an apology

2.(10.0分)  2.According to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset” most probably means “_______”.

A.  You have good reason to get upset

B.  I’m aware you’re upset, but I’m not to blame

C.  I apologize for hurting your feelings

D.  I’m at fault for making you upset

3.(10.0分)  3.It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because _______.

A.  it gets one into the habit of making empty promises

B.  it may make the other person feel guilty

C.  it is vague and ineffective

D.  it is hurtful and insulting

4.(10.0分)  4.We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry _______.

A.  the complexities involved should be ignored

B.  their ages should be taken into account

C.  parents need to set them a good example

D.  parents should be patient and tolerant

5.(10.0分)  5.It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is _______.

A.  a social issue calling for immediate attention

B.  not necessary among family members

C.  a sign of social progress

D.  not as simple as it seems

第2题：(10.0分) Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

The lack of standardization of manners results in an often angry, chaotic society, where every trivial act is interpreted as a revelation of the moral philosophy of the individual actor, who is left standing naked in his mores. Today, each person claims the right not only to design his own etiquette but also to take offense if others do not observe it, even if he has not troubled to acquaint them with his preferences.

Indeed, it has never been easier to insult people unknowingly. A gentleman opens a door for a lady because his mother taught him that ladies appreciate such courtesy, but this one turns around and spits in his eye because he has insulted her womanhood. A young lady offers her seat in a crowded bus to an elderly, frail gentleman, and he gives her a dirty look because she has insulted his manhood. Mind you, those are just people trying to be nice; the only problem is that they are operating on different systems of etiquette.

Curiously, it has never been harder to insult people intentionally. If you say, "You are horrid and I hate you," the person is apt to reply, "Oh, you're feeling hostile; I'll wait until you feel better." The idea that explaining one's motivation justifies any violation, is perhaps essential in a world of flying insults, where the all-purpose excuse, "I'm depressed," absolves one of any obligation or responsibility.

The idea that people can behave "naturally" without resorting to an artificial code tacitly agreed upon by their society is as silly as the idea that they can communicate by using a language without commonly accepted grammatical rules. Like language, a code of manners can be used with more or less skill, for good or evil purposes, to express a great variety of ideas and emotions. Like language, manners continually undergo slow changes and adaptations, but these changes have to be global, not atomic. For if everyone improvises his own manners, no one will understand the meaning of anyone else's behavior, and the result will be social chaos and the end of civilization.

1.(10.0分)  1. In the author’s opinion, any changes in manners should be brought about________ .

A.  on a large scale, not bit by bit

B.  by social members collectively, not by individuals at their own will

C.  through a general master plan, not in minute details

D.  none of the above

2.(10.0分)  2.Why does the author say it’s easier to insult people unknowingly?

A.  because people are educated in different systems of etiquette.

B.  Because people have different systems of education.

C.  Because different people have different opinions on human rights.

D.  Because men are different from women.

3.(10.0分)  3.What does the person mean by saying “I’m depressed”?

A.  I’m so exhausted that I cannot do anything again.

B.  It means that I’m so exhausted that doing anything wrong is not my fault.

C. It means that if one says “I’m depressed”, he would not want to follow social standards.

D.  It is not only an excuse, but a true expression when one says “I’m depressed”.

4.(10.0分) The author adopts the device of _____ while mentioning language in the last paragraph.

A.  comparison   B.  contrast   C.  analogy    D.  inference

5.(10.0分)  5.This passage is intended to____________.

A.  describe the often-angry, chaotic society we are living in

B.  explain why well-intentioned courtesies are sometimes no duly appreciated

C.  explain why today’s society has become a world of flying insults

D.  emphasize the importance of having social behavior standardized by a code of manners

 第3题：(10.0分)  Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

It is, above all, in the little things that the grace of gratitude should be most employed. The boy who delivers our paper, the milkman, the mailman, the barber, the waitress at a restaurant, the elevator operator -- all oblige us in one way or another. By showing our gratitude we make routine relationships human and render monotonous tasks more agreeable.

A patient of mine in London who worked as a bus conductor once confided to me, "I get fed up with my job sometimes. People grumble, bother you, haven't got the right change for their tickets. But there's one lady on my bus morning and evening, and she always thanks me in a particularly friendly way when I take her ticket. I like to think she's speaking for all the passengers. It helps me to keep smiling."

Arnold Bennett had a publisher who boasted about the extraordinary efficiency of his secretary. One day Bennett said to her, "Your employer claims that you are extremely efficient. What is your secret?" "It's not my secret," the secretary replied. "It's his." Each time she performed a service, no matter how small, he never failed to acknowledge it. Because of that she took infinite pains with her work.

Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome. A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse. "I didn't come back sooner," he explained, "because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you."

"On the contrary," she replied, "I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it."

Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.

1.(10.0分)  1.According to the author, who needs our gratitude most?

A.  The boy who delivers our paper.

B. The milkman, the mailman, the barber, the waitress at a restaurant and the elevatoroperator

C.  Those people who do little things for us all year round.

D.  Those people who have routine relationships with us.

2.(10.0分)  2.What difference can gratitude make in people’s daily work?

A.  It can make people work with infinite pains.

B.  It can help people be praised by their boss.

C.  It can make people’s work become simple.

D.  It can make people work more efficiently.

3.(10.0分)  3.Why are some people unwilling to show their gratitude to those who have helped them?

A.  Because they are too shy to express their true feeling in public.

B.  Because there are too much thanks with which those who have helped others are fed up.

C.  Because they believe that those who have helped them don’t care weather people thank them or not.

D.  Because they think it is not he time to say thanks to those who have helped them.

4.(10.0分)  4.What can you infer from the nurse’s reply to the patient?

A.  The patient’s act of gratitude helped the nurse work more efficiently.

B.  The patient’s act of gratitude helped the nurse take much more pleasure in thework.

C.  The patient’s act of gratitude made the nurse realize that they needencouragement.

D.  The patient’s act of gratitude encouraged the nurse.

5.(10.0分)  5. According to the author, how much gratitude do we need?

A.  We need only little gestures of appreciation.

B.  We need some smiles from our neighbors.

C.  We need much more thanks our neighbors give to us.

D.  We need gratitude all the time and none of us can give too much of it.

第4题：(10.0分) Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

On a fine afternoon in New York, I got into a taxi. From the driver's expression and the way he slammed in his gears, I could tell that he was upset. I asked him what was the trouble. "I've got good reason to be sore," he growled. "One of my fares left a wallet in my cab this morning. Nearly three hundred bucks in it. I spent more than an hour trying to trace the guy. Finally I found him at his hotel. He took the wallet without a word  and glared at me as though I'd meant to steal it."

"He didn't give you a reward?" I exclaimed.

"Not a cent. But it wasn't the dough I wanted..." he fumbled, then exploded, "If the guy had only said something..."

Because his helpful, honest act had not been appreciated, that cabdriver's day was poisoned, and I knew he would think twice before rendering a similar service. The need for gratitude is something we all feel, and denial of it can do much to harm the spirit of kindness and cooperation.

During World War II a mother in Cincinnati received a letter from her son in the army in which he spoke of a woman in a village in Normandy who had taken him into her home when he was wounded and hungry, and hidden him from the Germans. Later on, unhappily, the boy was killed in the Ardennes offensive. Yet the mother was moved by an irresistible intention. She saved up for two years, crossed the Atlantic and located the village referred to by her son. After many inquiries, she found the woman who had sheltered her son -- the wife of an impoverished farmer --  and pressed a package into her hand. It was the gold wristwatch her son had received on his graduation, the only object of real value the boy had ever possessed. The mother's act of gratitude so touched people's hearts that it has become something of a legend in and around the village. It has done more than fine speeches to foster good feeling toward Americans.

1.(10.0分)  1.How did the author know the New York driver was upset?

A.  Because he told the author his own experience.

B.  Because he said nothing to the author.

C.  Because he made his car start hurriedly with great force.

D.  Because he talked to the author sadly.

2.(10.0分)  2.The New York taxi driver got upset because _________.

A.  he could not make the car start

B.  he could not find the person who left a wallet in his cab

C.  he didn’t get any rewards from the person who left a wallet in his cab

D.  he got no thanks for returning a wallet, though he deserved to

3.(10.0分)  3.Through the story of the New York driver, the author wants to show us _________.

A.  how much people need gratitude to keep up a spirit of kindness and cooperation

B.  that people need a reward after they help the others

C.  that people need to hear something about what they have done to the others

D.  how many rewards people need to show to those who have helped them

4..In which following way did the mother in Cincinnati show her gratitude to the woman in Normandy?

A. She saved up for two years, went to Normandy in person, and gave her sons gold wristwatch to the woman.

B.  She wrote a letter to show her gratitude to the woman.

C. She was moved by the woman’s kindness, then crossed the Atlantic and talked with the woman in the village.

D.  She saved up for two years, bought a gold wristwatch and gave it to the woman.

5.(10.0分)  5.What can you infer from the story of the mother in Cincinnati?

A. People in the village have been moved by the mother’s act of gratitude and remember the story as a legend.

B. The relationship between the people in the village and American has becamebetter than before.

C.  The mother in Cincinnati could not make a fine speech.

D.  Showing gratitude can be an improving element in people’s relationship.