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2012-05-27 词源群讨论精华

(2012-05-30 07:28:46)
标签:

词源

单词

文化

教育

分类: 词汇探讨

2012527日词源讨论整理

整理者:薇拉 

 

1. 词源讨论

 

1.1 Meat

丁朝阳:meat, mat 词根,食物。meat 原义是:量出来的一份食物。后来,意义变窄并固定为:肉。Meat  PIE *mat- / *met-, measure 量,与measure 是同源詞,近似的构词思维:meal

 

1.2 automate

dreamer,automate"mate"是解释成think?还是分成 m(连接字母) + ate(动词后缀)?

 

丁朝阳:词automatic 追溯至希腊单词 automatos 以个人自身的意志行动,自我行动, 由两部分组成,auto- 自我的, -matos 意愿, 以作为身体运动的含义于1748年首次记录于英语,如体内的肠蠕动:这些运动被称为身体内自动的运动,是与机器运动的相似性得出的,其运动原理在于其自身内部。虽然作者头脑中有机器印象,automatic 可以被用于生物,这种用法虽然不是基本的,但我们仍在使用。 主要将automatic 与机器相联系可能反映了我们眼中的世界越加机械化的情况

 

1.3 suppose

脚踏实地:记不住suppose这个单词的意思,谁帮帮我?

 

小丶ωěìpose =放,放在下面

 

网游丁:pose = put,   su,sur,super,

sup.pose 往上放

 

脚踏实地:suppose意思为vt. 假设,假定,认为,想,应该,让(虚拟语气)。例句如下:

Suppose you have a thousand dollars, what will you do with it.假设你有一千美元,你会用它做什么。

Let us suppose another planet with conditions similar to those on the earth.让我们假定另外有一个具有和地球上相似条件的行星。

Some religions suppose that there is a Heaven physically above the earth.一些宗教认为地球上面真有一个天国。

I suppose we shall be having some sort of celebration for the bride.我想我们还是来为新娘庆贺一番吧。

Suppose we dine together.让我们一块儿吃饭吧

 

城市稻草人:suppose一词来自拉丁语对古希腊语hypothesis的意译  前后两个词的字面意思都是【将某个东西放置在下面】 即奠基  读过柏拉图哲学的朋友都应该很熟 苏格拉底经常提到在讨论问题之前需要先做好基本的奠基   hypothesis一词最早见于柏拉图的著作。后世的假设也是由这个词来的。对了,拉丁语中翻译为supponere  进入英语后变为suppose。想要深入了解语言词汇学 特别是一些抽象意指的词汇的来源的话,很有必要学学古典语文学和哲学的。

 

1.4 notorious

Jimmy:请教,notorious这个词该怎么记啊?

 

网游丁:notorious1540s, "publicly known," from M.L.notorius"well-known, commonly known," from L.notus"known," pp. ofnoscere"come to know" (seeknow). Negative connotation arose 17c. from frequent association with derogatory nouns. known, know, no-scere,

 

城市稻草人:和 no 没有关系,不要单独写一个no,会有挺大歧义的。

 

袁新民:印欧词根*gnō- ‘to know’→带后缀的形式*gnō-sko 对应拉丁语nōscerenō-sce-re过去分词notus , 后缀-orious= -ory+ -ous ; know*gnō- 拖长元音的形式, notorious里第一个本该有的k没有了。拉丁语本来应该为(g)nōscere

 

 

1.5 prosper

Jimmy:再请教一个  prosper,这个看了几遍字典解释,都没有头绪啊

 

袁新民:despair de-相反,spair希望;和希望相反即缺少希望

n. 1. 绝望;2. 使人绝望的人(或事物)

vi. of)绝望,失去希望

 

desperatede-相反,sper希望;-ate形容词后缀;和希望相反即缺少希望的

a. 1. 不顾一切的,孤注一掷的;2. 极度渴望的,极需要的;3. 绝望的,危急的

 

prosperpro-赞成,sper希望;赞成所希望的与希望一致

vi. 兴旺,繁荣,成功

 

网游丁:PIE --> *spei-  "to flourish, succeed."  pro + Pie,开花,结果

 

1.6 前缀un-

夏啰啰:是不是un-更倾向于一种状态或可持续的动作?

稻草人:un- (1) prefix of negation, O.E. un-, from P.Gmc. *un- (cf. O.Fris., O.H.G., Ger. un-, Goth. un-, Du. on-), from PIE *n- (cf. Skt. a-, an- "not," Gk. a-, an-, O.Ir. an-, L. in-), a variant of PIE root *ne- "not" (cf. Avestan na, O.C.S., Lith. ne "not," L. ne "that not," Gk. ne- "not," O.Ir. ni, Corn. ny "not"). Freely and widely used since Old English in compounds with native and imported words, it disputes with Latin-derived cognate in- the right to form the negation of certain words (indigestable/undigestable, etc.). Often euphemistic (e.g. untruth for "lie"). The most prolific of English prefixes, it even is used to make words from phrases (e.g. uncalled-for, c.1600; undreamed-of, 1630s; uncome-at-able, 1690s; unputdownable, 1947, of a book; un-in-one-breath-utterable, Ben Jonson; etc.). As a prefix in telegram-ese to replace notand save the cost of a word, it is first attested 1936.un- (2) prefix of reversal (e.g. unhand, undo, unbutton), O.E. on-, un-, from P.Gmc. *a

 

 

1.7 关于men--ment

稻草人:-ment suffix forming nouns, originally from French and representing L. -mentum, which was added to verb stems sometimes to represent the result or product of the action. French inserts an -e- between the verbal root and the suffix (e.g. commenc-e-ment from commenc-er; with verbs in ir, -i- is inserted instead (e.g. sent-i-ment from sentir). Used with English verb stems from 16c. (e.g. merriment, which also illustrates the habit of turning -y to -i- before this suffix).这个里没有说到*menhttp://s15/middle/78df462bhc135386349ae&690词源群讨论精华" TITLE="2012-05-27 词源群讨论精华" />

 

 

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袁新民:印欧词根
*men-mental确有关系,但与后缀-ment没有关系,这是两个概念。

 

1.8 Scanskim

HawkieIn the 1969 edition of The American Heritage Dictionary 

a dead issue was buried by our Usage Panel, 85 percent of whom thought it was acceptable to use scan  in the sense “to look over quickly,” though the note stated that this was less formal usage.The usage issue was raised because scan  in an earlier sense meant “to examine closely.” From a historical perspective it is easy to see how these two opposite senses of scan  developed. The source of our word, Latin scandere,  which meant “to climb,” came to mean “to scan a verse of poetry,” because one could beat the rhythm by lifting and putting down one's foot.The Middle English verb scannen,  derived from scandere,  came into Middle English in this sense (first recorded in a text composed before 1398). In the 16th century this highly specialized sense having to do with the close analysis of verse developed other senses,such as “to criticize, examine minutely, interpret, perceive.” From these senses having to do with examination and perception,it was an easy step to the sense “to look at searchingly” (first recorded in 1798),perhaps harking back still to the careful, detailed work involved in analyzing prosody.But a thorough search can change into a quick one, as it seems to have done in the case of the verb scan.

 

1969年版的美国传统词典 中,我们的用法委员会放弃了一个已废弃的争议, 其中85%的人认为scan 意为快速浏览是可接受的, 虽然注释上说这是非正式的用法。之所以这么用是因为scan 在较早的意义上表示仔细检查 从历史的角度了解scan 的两个相反意思如何发展是容易的。 这个单词的词源是拉丁语scandere ,意为攀登,后又演化为标出诗之格律 因为人们可以通过抬起或放下脚来打拍子。中世纪英语动词scannen 即是在这个意义上从 scandere 转化而来的(首次被记载在一本1398年之前编辑的教科书上)。 16世纪这个已经高度专门化并且用来表示仔细分析诗歌的词语又发展出了其它的意项,如批评、细致入微地检查、翻译或理解。从这些表示检查和察觉的意思,很容易就过渡到细察”(1798年首次被记载)的意义,也可能返回到仔细分析诗体的细微工作。但就象这个动词scan 一样,彻底地搜查可能变成快速地浏览。

 

skim也有浏览之意,但其印欧词根skeu本意为cover盖子,但skim来自scum(浮渣),做过骨头汤的可能知道,撇去汤表面的浮渣这个动作,就像轻轻揭开一个薄薄的油层盖一样,由此引申出skim撇去,掠过,再到浏览的意思。

 

1.9 browse

 http://s6/middle/78df462bh79b885f87595&690词源群讨论精华" TITLE="2012-05-27 词源群讨论精华" />

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有趣的是browsebreast同源,其印欧根bhreus-的基本意义为"swell膨胀

 

 

2.颤音R的练习方法

帝皇侠:意大利语的大舌颤音R在意大利语语音中有其突出地位,不会打颤音,无疑是语音的重大缺陷。 现将R的发音方法总结如下:

 

口型及舌位要求: 舌点上卷,抵住上齿龈, 气流冲出,不断冲击舌尖使它颤动(如果舌头平伸不动,就发不出颤音), 同时声带震动。 由于汉语没有颤音,初学者要使舌尖受到呼出气流的冲击而不动颤动,自如的发出颤音,在开始是比较困难的, 不大容易掌握,但通过一段时间的学习,掌握发音的方法和要领,不断坚持练习,是可以学会的。

 

方法一: 为使舌尖颤动,可先借助辅音td, 把舌尖按照口型和舌位要求放在准备振动的位置上,进行练习, “ttttrrrrrr” "dddddrrrrrr"。练习一段时间之后,然后加上元音i (因为元音i 比其他元音更接近上齿),进行练习 “trrrrri”"drrrri", 以后逐步过渡到不带辅音t d 而自如地发出ri音。

 

方法二: 先不断地连续发辅音l, 再使气流不断冲击舌尖,反复练习,从毫不停留地发l,过渡到发出颤音r , “llllllllllllrrre”

 

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