第八课单词
(2011-04-19 19:50:18)
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分类: 法律英语课前阅读 |
Lesson
Eight
felony ['feləni]
n.
a serious crime usu. punishable by imprisonment
for more than one year or by death
重罪
普通法中,指涉及没收罪犯的土地与财产归国王所有,并根据其犯罪行为的轻重另处处以死刑或其它刑罚的严重犯罪。在传统上,叛逆罪[treason]被划入重罪范畴之中。1967年,英国完全取消了重罪与轻罪的划分,重罪一词不再使用。重罪与轻罪之分已被可逮捕罪[arrestable offence]与不可逮捕罪[non-arrestable offence]之分取代。在美国,重罪是指对某些比较严重罪行的总称。某些州则据如下标准进行犯罪分类:①罪犯关押地——是谢谢州监狱[prison]还是教养收容所〔penitentiary〕;或②可能最长刑期。许多州的制定法都规定重罪是指应判处1年以上监禁或死刑的犯罪。美国联邦和许多州的刑法典都规定了重罪种类或级别及与之相适应的刑罚。重罪犯可能丧失许多轻罪犯不会丧失的权利,如选举、律师执业、就任政府官员、做陪审员等。
subpoena [səb'pi:nə]
n.
a writ commanding a person to appear before a court or other tribunal, subject to a penalty for failing to comply. (Also spelled subpena)
(2)(衡平法院)传票 过去在衡平法院里,每一起诉讼是由命令被告出庭的传唤令〔writ of subpoena〕开始的,因此,以前的旧判例集里,subpoena的含义相当于「衡平法上的起诉状」〔bill of complaint〕。现代的做法是传票背书在诉状上。如今,每一起诉讼均由传唤令〔writ of summons〕开始。
custody ['kʌstədi]
n.
1. the care and control of a thing or person for
inspection, preservation, or security
广义上是指对自由的限制,而不仅仅是指某人实际关押在监狱里。因缓刑、假释或取保、个人具结悔过获得释放的人都处于“被监禁”状态[in custody],因此有权按人身保护程序申请人身保护令状[writ of habeas corpus]
同义词:detention, detainment, hold
2. (family law) The care, control, and maintenance of a child awarded by a court to a responsible adult 监护;监管;保管 (对人或物进行直接的、亲自的照管与控制。就对物的直接控制而言,它不是所有权,不是对物的最终和绝对控制,因此,纯粹将某物交与他人保管并不剥夺权利人的所有权。比如custody of children)
同义词:hands
arrestee [əˌresˈti:]
a person who has been taken into custody by legal
authority; a person who has been arrested.
arrester: one who arrests. — Also spelled arrestor
contraband ['kɔntrəbænd]
n. 1. illegal or prohibited trade; smuggling 走私;非法买卖
2. goods that are unlawful to import, export, or possess [总称]违禁品,走私品,非法进出口货物
adj. 违禁的,违禁品买卖的
search [sə:tʃ]
n.
(criminal
procedure) an examination of a person's body, property, or other
area that the person would reasonably be expected to consider as
private, conducted by a law-enforcement officer for the purpose of
finding evidence of a crime
搜查
指执法官员或其它被授权人员对有关场所、物品、车辆、人身等进行检查,以寻找有关人员或者与犯罪活动有关的物品。由于搜查会涉及到个人自由和隐私权的问题,所以现代各国一般都规定只有取得合法的许可或授权后才能合法地进行搜查及对查获的物品进行扣押。如美国宪法第四条修正案即禁止非法的搜查和扣押。对此,一般规则是,在未取得搜查证〔search warrant〕的情况下进行的任何搜查即为非法搜查,但是有例外情形,即虽未事先取得搜查证亦可进行搜查,如逮捕时的附带搜查〔search incident to arrest〕、取得同意后的搜查〔consent search〕、对适用一眼看清原则〔plain view doctrine〕的证据的检查、根据卡罗尔原则〔Carroll doctrine〕对机动车辆实施的紧急搜查、对敞地〔open fields〕的搜查、对抛弃的物品的检查等。在英国,制定法规定,警察为执行逮捕,有权进入和搜查被逮捕者所在的或者可以合理怀疑其所在的地方。许多制定法都规定,法官或治安法官可以签发搜查证进行搜查,而且不限于在执行逮捕时附带进行的搜查。
prosecutor ['prɔsikju:tə]
n.
1. a legal officer who represents the state or federal government in criminal proceedings. 检察官;公诉人 (在刑事诉讼中代表政府的法律官员)
2. a private person who institutes and carries on
a legal action, esp. a criminal action
private prosecutor自诉人;私人控诉人 指对其怀疑或者相信有犯罪行为的人提起刑事控诉,且不属于政府官员的个人。
complaint [kəm'pleint]
n.
1. the initial pleading that starts a civil action and states the basis for the court's jurisdiction, the basis for the plaintiff's claim, and the demand for relief. • In some states, this pleading is called a petition. [美]民事起诉状
2. a
document sworn to by a victim or police officer that sets forth a
criminal violation and that serves as the charging instrument by
which charges are filed and judicial proceedings commenced against
a defendant in a magistrate's court
information [.infə'meiʃən]
n.
a formal criminal charge made by a prosecutor
without a grand-jury indictment
由检察官制作并提交法院的指控刑事犯罪的正式书面文件,区别于由大陪审团批准的起诉书〔indictment〕。在大多数州,检察官起诉书适用于起诉轻罪〔misdemeanors〕案件,也有大约一半的州允许用于起诉重罪案件,有的州规定对重罪案件只有被告人放弃由大陪审团批准起诉时才可以检察官起诉书起诉。
indictment [in'daitmənt]
n.
the formal written accusation of a crime, made by a grand jury and presented to a court for prosecution against the accused person大陪审团起诉书;公诉书
指控刑事犯罪的正式书面文件,原先由大陪审团经宣誓向法院提出。1933年英格兰部分废除了大陪审团。大陪审团被废除之前,如果发现有刑事犯罪,需先向大陪审团提出申请公诉书〔bill of indictment〕,大陪审团对支持指控的证人进行询问,如果大陪审团的多数成员认为犯罪已得到充分证明,应将犯罪人交付法庭审判,即在申请公诉书上签署「准予起诉」〔True bill〕,则公诉书获得批准,犯罪人处于被起诉的地位,并将被安排传讯〔arraignment〕;如果大陪审团的多数成员认为犯罪未得到充分的证明,即在申请公诉书上签署「不予起诉」〔No true bill; Not a true bill; Not found〕,并将被控告人释放。从前在普通法上,大陪审团起诉书用于对叛国罪〔treasons〕、重罪〔felonies〕、包庇叛国罪或包庇重罪的犯罪〔misprisions of either〕和具有公共性质的轻罪〔misdemeanours of a public nature〕提起控诉,现在,公诉书只适用于应由小陪审团审判的严重犯罪〔serious crime〕,对应由具有简易裁判权〔summary jurisdiction〕的法院专属管辖的其它罪行不适用。在英格兰以女王的名义,在苏格兰则以总检察长〔Lord Advocate〕的名义提出。目前,在英格兰,申请公诉书只在下列两种情况下可以提出:1预审治安法官已决定将受指控人移交法院审判;2依高等法院法官的指令或经高等法院法官同意。申请公诉书应提交给刑事法院的有关官员,如果符合法定要求,经该官员签署即成为正式的公诉书。在美国,该词依然指由大陪审团提出的刑事起诉书,区别于由检察官提出的起诉书〔information〕。大陪审团起诉书通常适用于对重罪的起诉,如美国宪法第五条修正案即规定,对可能判处死刑的犯罪和其它不名誉犯罪〔infamous crimes〕案件应依大陪审团起诉书进行审判。有的州规定对所有的重罪都须以大陪审团起诉书起诉,而有的州则一般允许以检察官起诉书对重罪案件提起控诉。通常在须以大陪审团起诉书起诉时,先由检察官向大陪审团提出申请公诉书〔bill of indictment〕,如果大陪审团经过审查认为有足够的证据支持指控,并应将犯罪人交付审判,即在申请公诉书上签署「准予起诉」〔true bill〕的字样来批准起诉,否则即签署「不予起诉」〔no true bill; not a true bill; not found〕。如果是大陪审团自己发现某犯罪行为,并主动提出的起诉书,有时也称作大陪审团的起诉报告〔grand jury original或presentment〕。
warrant ['wɔ:rənt]
n.
1. a writ directing or authorizing someone to do an act, esp. one directing a law enforcer to make an arrest, a search, or a seizure. 令状 (司法官员签发的要求或授权某人(如行政司法官〔sheriff〕)实施一定行为的命令,如逮捕令、搜查令、扣押令、判决执行令等。)
2. a writ allowing an officer to seize a tenant's goods for failing to pay rent due to the landlord. 授权书 (授予他人某种权限的文件,尤指授权付款或收款的文书。)
3. an order by which a drawer authorizes someone to pay a particular sum of money to another. 金钱支付令 (签发人要求某人支付一定数额的金钱给指定的他人的命令。)
detention [di'tenʃən] n.
1. the act or fact of holding a person in custody; confinement or compulsory delay 拘留,扣留
2. custody of property; esp., an employee's
custody of the employer's property without being considered as
having legal possession of it.
detain
accusatory [ə'kju:zətəri]
adj.
of, relating to, or constituting an
accusation
同义词:accusative, accusing, accusive
arraignment [ə'reinmənt]
n.
the initial step in a criminal prosecution whereby
the defendant is brought before the court to hear the charges and
to enter a plea
英美刑事诉讼中的一项正式程序,包括三项内容:①法院将被告人传唤到庭;②向其宣读起诉书的内容;③由被告人就起诉书所指控的罪行作出答辩。在英国,被告人可以作有罪答辩、无罪答辩、或者保持沉默,或者作对管辖权有异议、不适于受审等其它形式的答辩。在美国,被告人一般可以作有罪答辩、无罪答辩、或不愿争论的答辩[plea of nolo contendere]。传讯必须公开进行,答辩前必须将起诉书文本一份给予被告人。法庭对被告人的答辩应当记录在案。
plea [pli:]
n.
1. an accused person's formal response of
“guilty,” “not guilty,” or “no contest” to a criminal
charge
刑事诉讼中被告人对所受犯罪指控所作的正式回答,通常被告人可以作「认罪」、「不认罪」或「不愿争辩」的答辩;
2. at common law, the defendant's responsive pleading in a civil action. 答辩
在民事诉讼中,指在采用现代的诉讼规则之前,当事人在诉讼过程中可以使用或提出的各种具体的答辩或申请。早期普通法上民事诉讼中的答辩主要有两类:一类是延诉答辩〔dilatory plea〕,包括就法院的管辖权提出的答辩〔pleas to the jurisdiction〕,中止诉讼的答辩〔pleas in suspension〕(例如主张当事人未成年〔infancy〕)和起诉不当答辩〔plea in abatement〕;一类是绝对性答辩〔peremptory plea〕,包括各种表明被告对原告的起诉有实质性抗辩理由的终止诉讼答辩〔pleas in bar〕,例如被告可以作否认答辩〔traverse〕,或承认但无效的答辩〔plea in confession and avoidance〕。该词已很少用于指现代民事案件中当事人的答辩。在英国,pleas已经被statement of defence替代。
discovery [dis'kʌvəri]
n.
1. the act or process of finding or learning something that was previously unknown <after making the discovery, the inventor immediately applied for a patent>.
2. compulsory disclosure, at a party's request, of information that relates to the litigation <the plaintiff filed a motion to compel discovery>
披露;证据开示 民事诉讼中的一种审前程序,一方当事人可以通过该程序从对方当事人处获得与案件有关的事实与信息,以助于准备庭审。根据美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕的规定,要求披露的方式包括:书面证词〔deposition〕、书面质询〔written interrogatories〕、请求承认〔requests for admissions〕、请求出示文件〔requests for production〕等。在英国,任一方当事人经法庭许可并预交诉讼费用保证金后,可以书面质询的方式要求对方披露有关事实和文件,对方应经宣誓后作出回答,其回答的内容在庭审时可作为证据使用。刑事诉讼中的披露程序侧重于强调辩护方有权获得对其辩护所必要的证据,如美国《联邦刑事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure〕规定,被告人可以通过披露程序获得其所作的书面或被记录下来的陈述或有罪供认、检查与测试的结果、在大陪审团面前所作的证词、控诉方的专家证人的证词,并有权查阅控方的文件、照片、证物等。
disclosure [dis'kləuʒə]
n.
1. the act or process of making known something that was previously unknown; a revelation of facts <a lawyer's disclosure of a conflict of interest>.披露;告知
2. the mandatory divulging of information to a litigation opponent according to procedural rules.证据开示
3. patents. A document explaining how an invention works in sufficient detail for one skilled
in the art to be able to understand and duplicate the invention; everything revealed about an
invention in the patent application, including drawings, descriptions, specifications, references to
prior art, and claims. 信息披露 指向投资者披露的与其证券投资有关的财务及其它信息资料,也指为使投资者对某种证券作出理性评估而作出的提供充分信息的要求。
suppression [sə'preʃən] n.
sup·pres·sion
forceful prevention; putting down by power or
authority
suppression hearing〈美〉排除证据的听审 刑事诉讼中的一种审前程序,被告人在此阶段可请求对其认为是以非法手段取得的证据禁止在以后的庭审中提出,法庭就此所作的裁决在以后的庭审中有效。
suppression of deposition
suppression of evidence〈美〉排除证据 指在庭审中法官对非法取得的证据裁决予以排除。
suppression of will
incriminate [in'krimineit]
vb.
1. to charge (someone) with a crime < the witness incriminated the murder suspect>控罪,显示有罪
2. to identify (oneself or another) as being involved in the commission of a crime or other wrongdoing 归罪于
probation [prəu'beiʃən]
n.
1. a court-imposed criminal sentence that, subject to stated conditions, releases a convicted person into the community instead of sending the criminal to jail or prison. 缓刑
2. The act of judicially proving a
will
probate
incarceration [in.ka:sə'reiʃən]
n.
the act or process of confining someone;
IMPRISONMENT
关押,监禁
adversary
['ædvəsəri]
n.
同义词:antagonist, opponent, opposer, resister
adj.
adversary proceeding
adversary system
对抗制;对抗式的诉讼制度

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