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章振邦语法英语句子汉译:疑问句

(2020-06-03 19:03:57)
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一般疑问句

特殊疑问句

反义疑问句

选择疑问句
章振邦语法英语句子汉译:疑问句
疑问句
疑问句 (question, 又叫 interrogative sentence), 就其语法结构和交际功能来说，分为一般疑问句(general question) 、特殊疑问句 (special question) 、选择疑问句 (alternative question) 和附加疑问句(tag question) 分述如下。
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1) 一般疑问句
一般疑问句常用来问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，其答语通常是 yes / no 或相当于 yes-no 的词语，因此这类问句又叫做“是非问句" (yes-no question)。在一般疑问句中，如果提问人没有肯定或否定的意向，即答案可以是 yes, 也可以是 no, 句中常用非
肯定词 (non-assertive word) 例如：
Is there anything wrong with the machine? 有什么问题, 这台机器?
Have you any objection? 你反对吗？
Have you any objections to my coming too? 你反对我来吗？
Has my watch been mended yer? 我的表修好了吗？
Does this medicine work at all? 这种药有效吗？

如果提问人对于答案带有肯定的意向，即期待肯定的回答时，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词(assertive word) 。例如：
Have you already finished your work?
Is there something wrong with the machine?
Did someone phone last night?
Do you always buy as much as this?
上述诸例表示提问入对所询之事巳有几分肯定，期待对方予以证实 。由 此引申，在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供某种帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。 例如：
Would you like some more soup?
May I make you some coffee?
一般疑问句的否定式有两种：一种是＂操作词+n't+ 主语”，通常用于非正式语体；一种是＂操作词＋主语+not" , 常用于正式语体。例如：
Haven't you finished your homework yet?
Have you not finished your homework yet?

     第一种形式（即用缩略的否定形式）在提问人方面带有否定和肯定的双重意向：提问人本以为对方早应该完成作业，而对方显然没有完成，从而如此提问带有惊讶、失望的含义。第二种形式通常只带有否定意向：提问人看见对方正忙着做作业，说明作业尚未完成，故提此问，期待着否定的回答 (No, I haven't.)。一般疑问句的缩略否定形式在表示上述意义时通常用非肯定词，如果用了肯定词，那就表示提问人对答案的肯定意向。 例如：
Haven't you heard from him alread. （你不是已经接到他的信了吗？）
Don't you always go to work at eight? (你不是经常八点钟上班吗？）

一般疑问句的缩略否定形式还可表示对美好事物的赞叹。 例如：
Isn't it a beautiful lake? (这湖多美啊！）
Isn't you daughter an intelligent girl? （你女儿真聪明！）
不过这巳不是疑问句，而是表示感叹的一种方式，在语义上相当于一个受强调的肯定陈述句：
The lake is very beautiful indeed.
Your daughter is really an intelligent girl.

2) 特铢疑问句
特殊疑问句是对句中某一特殊部分提出疑问，通常以 who, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how 等疑问词开首，因此又叫 "wh- 问句" (Wh-question)。特殊疑问句分为正常词序和倒装词序两种结构。

 正常词序的特殊疑问句如：
Who phoned last night?
Which cork doesn't tit?
倒装词序的特殊疑问句如：
Who are you talking about?
Whose lighter fell on the floor?
What happened last night?
What does your brother do?
Where is he living?
When did they leave?
Why did he arrive so late?
How far is it from here?

特殊疑问句也有它的强调形式，常用以表示惊讶、愤怒等感情。 第一种强调方法是在疑问词后面加ever 。例如：
Who ever broke the window?
Why ever didn't you tell me you'd been ill?

另一种强调方法是在疑问词后面加添表示惊讶、诅咒的词语。例如：
What on earth could it mean?
When earth did you break it off?
What the devil is happening over there?
What in the world is the matter  with you?
What the hell do you want?
Where the devil did I put my pen?
How the goodness did you manage to do that?
What in heaven's name does he think he is doing?

3) 选择疑问句
选择疑问句 (alternative question) 是说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案供对方选择的疑问句选择疑问句有两种形式：一种是以一般疑问句为基础。例如：
Are you going to elect Henry chard?
Shall I give you a hand, or can you manage?
Would you rather wait or come later?
Shall I give you a gin, or a whisky, or a beer?

另一种是以特殊疑问句为基础 例如
What is this, ignorance or malice (恶意） ? Or both?
Which do you like better, tea or coffee?
How shall we go there? By bus or by air?
Which Jones do you mean, Jones the banker or Jones the postman?

4) 附加疑问句
附加疑问句 (tag question) 是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，主要由“陈述句＋附加问句“构成，附加问句部分的动词一般要与陈述部分的动词相对应，附加问句部分的主语要与陈述部分的主语相对应，如果陈述部分的主语是名词词组，则附加问句部分用相应的代词表示附加疑问句主要有两类， 即“陈述句＋反意附加问句“和“陈述句＋非反意附加问句＂ 这两类又可分为以下四种形式。
肯定的陈述句＋否定的附加问句， 例如：
That clock is slow, isn't it?
否定的陈述句＋肯定的附加问句， 例如：
That clock isn't slow, is it?
肯定的陈述句＋肯定的附加问句， 例如：
That clock is slow, is it?
否定的陈述句＋否定的附加问句， 例如：
That clock isn't slow, isn't it?

前两种形式是主要的，后两种形式仅在特定语境中表示感情色彩
附加疑问句也可由“祈使句＋附加问句＂构成， 例如：
Carry this parcel for me, will you?
Remember to buy some meat, won't you?

关于附加问句 (question tag) 的构成，有以下几点值得注意：
a) 当陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等指人的合成词时，附加问句部分的主语在正式语体中通常用 he。例如：
Everybody knows what he has to do, doesn't he?
Nobody wants to go there, does he?
None of the boys can do it, can he?

在非正式语体中则往往用 they。 例如：
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn't they?

但若陈述部分的主语是 everything, anything, something, nothing 等指物的合成词时，附加问句部分的主语只能用 it 。例如：
Nothing could make me give it up, could it?
Everything is ready, isn't it?

b) 当陈述部分是 there 存在句时，附加问句部分的主语也用 there。例如：
There's no help for it, is there?
There's something wrong, isn't there?

c) 陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时，附加问句部分助动词用肯定形式。例如：
Bob rarely got drunk, did he?
Few people know him, do they?
She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?

如果陈述部分的否定词仅带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定句处理，附加问句部分一般仍用否定形式。例如：
He was unsuccessful, wasn't he?

d) 如果陈还部分是 I'm ... 结构，附加问句部分一般用 aren't I。 例如：
I'm late, aren't I?

e) 如果陈述部分以不定代词 one 作主语，附加问句部分的主语在正式场合用 one, 在非正式场合用 you 。例如：
One can't be too careful, can one? 也可以用...can you?

f) 当陈述部分是一个带有 that- 分句作宾语的主从结构时，附加问句部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系了。
例如：
You think you are funny, don't you?
He thinks he is going to become a doctor, doesn't he?
She says (that) I did it, doesn't she?

但是，当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose, I think, I believe, I suspect, I imagine 等结构时，附加问句部分则往往与 that- 分句中的主语和谓语动词保待对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。例如：
I suppose (that) he's serious, isn't he?
I don't think (that) she cares, does she?

g) 当陈述部分带有表示“所有“含义的动词 have 时，附加问句部分既可用 have 形式，也可do 形式；如果陈述部分的动词是 have 的否定形式，附加问句部分是用 have 形式还是用 do式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：
You have a Rolls-Royce, haven't you? 也可以用...don't you?
He hasn't a lot of time to spare, has he?
Miss Oates doesn't have any money in her pocket, does she?

当陈述部分的 have 不表示”所有”而表示其他含义时，附加问句部分须用 do 的一定形式。例如：
You often have headaches, don't you?
She had a good time yesterday, didn't she?

h) 陈述部分带有情态助动词 ought to 时，附加问句部分在英式英语中仍用 ought to, 但在美式英语中常用 should。例如：
The child ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
We ought to go there, shouldn't we?

i)  陈述部分带有情态助动词used to 时，附加问句部分可用 used to 形式或 did 形式。例如：
The Allens used to live in the country, usedn't they?
He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day, didn't he?

j) 陈述部分带有情态助动词 needn't 时，附加问句部分通常仍用 need 。例如：
You needn't go yet, need you?

在这里也可用 must。 例如：
He needn't do that, must he?

这里的 must 作“有必要“解。

k) 陈述部分有情态助动词 must 表示“义务”时，附加问句部分通常仍用 must 。例如：
You must work hard next term, mustn't you?
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?

但当 must 作“有必要“解时，随后的附加问句部分既可用 mustn't, 也可用 needn't。 例如：
You must go home right now, mustn't you / needn't you?

must 表示“一定”、“想必＇等推测性意义时，附加问句部分仍用 must 例如：
He must be very tired, mustn't he?

在这种语境中，间或也可根据上下文采用其他动词。例如：
He must be very tired, isn't he? (He must be very tired = I'm sure he is very tired.)
He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he? (He must have waited ... = I'm sure he has waited …)
You must have seen the play last week, didn't you? (You must have seen ... = I'm sure you saw ...)

I) 在由“祈使句十附加问句＇构成的附加疑问句中．附加疑问句一般用 will you , won't you ,wouldn't you。 例如：
Don't move the chair, will you?
Be quiet, would you?

有时也可用 can you, can't you, why don't you, could you 例如：
Give me some cigarettes, can you?
Be quiet, can't you?

但是，在以 Let's 开首的祈使句之后，附加问句部分用 shall we。 例如：
Let's go camping, shall we? 我们去野营吧，好吗？
Let's stop here, shall we? 我们在这儿停一下，好吗？

Let us 开首的祈使句，如果含义是 allow us, 不包括听话人在内时，附加问句部分则用 will you。 例如：
Let us go now, will you? 让我们走，好吗？
Let us have a look at you book, will you? 让我们看看你的书，好吗？

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