非谓语动词 词 不 定 式

动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加原形动词构成，动词不定式保留着动词的一些特征：
(1)带宾语或表语。例如：
I want to watch TV.
I hope to be an outstanding student.
(2)可由状语修饰。例如：
    I expect you to study hard.
(3)有时态和语态的变化。例如：
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.（完成时）
The questions to be answered are on page 10.（被动式）
    动词不定式和它的宾语，状语，或表语一起构成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语具有名词，形容词，和副词的性质，因而可以在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语，和状语。
在不定式符号to前加上not构成不定式的否定式。例如：
He told me not to touch the wire.

I.  动词不定式的句法作用

1.作主语
To master a foreign language is very important.
Not to smoke will do you a lot of good.
To obey the laws is everyone’s duty.
动词不定式作主语时，常常用先行词it作形式主语，放在句首，将不定式移到谓语之后作实际主语。例如：
It is difficult to answer such a complicated question in English.
It has been possible to send man to space.
It takes the electronic computer only a few seconds to solve the problem.
Example:
______ only five minutes to finish the task.
a. It took myself   b. It required me   c. It should be needing  d. It took me
2.作表语
Our main task is to carry these building materials to the work site.
The most common way of getting heat is to burn fuel.
Our goal is to accomplish the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defence, and science and technology.
Example:
My job ______ these children.
a. was to look after  b. was looking   c. is to looking after   d. has looked after
3．作宾语
在及物动词begin, cease, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hope, intend, like, love, manage, mean, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, try, want, wish 等后边常用不定式作宾语。例如：
When did you begin to learn English?
Once you turn off the switch, electricity ceases to flow.
He promised to keep the secret for you.
Example:
Galieo planned to ______ the problem, but failed to do so.
a. solving  b. have solved   c. be solved   d. have been solved
If you promise ______ angry with me, I’ll tell you what I broke.
a. get not   b. not get  c. not to get  d. not getting
注意：当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用it 作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。例如：
I found it difficult to identify mistakes. 我发现辨认错误很难。
Do you consider it wise to ignore him? 你认为不理睬他是明智的吗？
Example:
I found _____ to answer all the questions within the time given.
a. no possibility  b. there was impossibility   c. impossible   d. it impossible
动词不定式也可作介词but, except, save（除......以外）的宾语，但在词组can not but （不由得，只好）, cannot help but（不得不）, do nothing but（别无它法只有......）后面，接不带 to 的不定式。在except, save 后可带to也可不带 to。例如：
The National Guardsmen were given no choice but to shoot over the heads of the unruly mob.
She does nothing but cry all day.
We cannot but believe in the youth who is always trying to improve himself.
He did nothing except play all day long.
There is nothing for it but to wait for an opportunity.
Example:
He was no alternative but ______ to see him.
a. go  b. went  c. going  d. to go
I _____ at our teacher’s remarks.
a. cannot but wonder   b. cannot help but to wonder 
c. cannot but wondering  d. cannot help but wondering
4．作宾语补足语
有些动词如allow, advise, ask, beg, believe, can’t bear, call, choose, cause, command, determine, enable, expect, fail, feel, find, force, get, have, hear, help, know, invite, lead, let, like, make, notice, order, prove, request, set, see, teach, tell, think, want, warn, watch, wish等后面常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。
注意：在make（使）, let（让）, have（使，叫）等使役动词后；在see（看）, watch （观看）, look at（看）, behold（看）, observe（观察，看见）, perceive（看见）, feel（感觉）, hear（听）, listen to （听...）, notice（发现，注意）等表示感官的动词后及在know（了解）, please（请）等后面省去动词不定式符号“to”。
在动词find与 help 之后的“to”可省也不可省。例如：
I asked him to tell me the results of the scientific research.
Can you help me (to) clean the windows?
Ask her to wait for me at the gate.
Her mother never has her do that heavy work.
Example:
Professor Black had us ______ compositions every Friday.
a. to write  b. written  c. write   d. wrote
My boss asked me to answer the phone, to take all messages, and ______ some letters.
a. to type  b. typing  c. type  d. typewrite
My teacher told me _____ so careless.
a. not be  b. don’t to be   c. not to be  d. won’t be
有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟
“宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：
We found him (to be ) dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。
We all know him to be dead. 我们都以为他死了。
Example:
We ______ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer.
a. accept   b. receive   c. think   d. regard
5．作主语补足语
如果把动词不定式作宾语补足语的句中的谓语由主动语态改为被动语态，则宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。要注意作宾语补足语时在某些动词后省去的不定式符号to, 此时一般不能省去。例如：
Plastics are found to be good insulators.
Water power can be made to produce electricity.
The laboring people of the world are called on to unite.
号召全世界的劳动人民团结起来。
Example:
Children should be allowed ______ their own decisions.
a. making  b. to make   c. make   d. having made
6.作定语
My father didn’t have any chance to go to school before liberation.
Energy is the ability to do work.
Please give me something to drink.
Example:
The order ______ pumps will come from the control room.
a. stopping  b. to stop   c. stopped   d. stops
Have you any other question______?
a. ask   b. for ask   c. to ask   d. asking
注意：当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系时（即为逻辑宾语），不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉。例如：
At last we found a room to live in.
I haven’t got a chair to sit on.
Example:
I’m not sure which restaurant ______.
a. to eat on  b. eating at  c. to eat at   d. for eating
“I want to buy a camera.” “We have several models____”
a. for you to choose from  b. for your choice 
c. for the choice of yours    d. for you to choose at
7.作状语
表示目的，结果，原因等，常有以下几种情况：
(1) 用to + 原形动词，in order to + 原形动词或so as to + 原形动词引起不定式短语表示
目的，结果，原因。例如：
To meet the needs of our industry, we must produce more coal.
为了满足我国工业的需要，我们必须生产更多的煤碳。（表目的）
The temperature is so high as to change water into steam.
温度高到可使水变成蒸汽。（表结果）
They were glad to hear from you. 收到你的信他们很高兴。（表原因）
Example:
Send him to the baker’s ______ the bread.
a. to buy  b. in order he buys  c. for to buy  d. for buying
Grace advised us to withdraw ______.
a. so as to get not involved  b. as not to get involved
c. so as not to get involved  d. so that not to involve
(2) 用在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, good等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形容词后，
是存在谓语所表示的情况，不定式要用主动式。例如：
Electricity is easy to transmit over long distances.
This question is hard to answer.
Example:
Most college students want to be ______ to choose their favorite subjects.
a. freely  b. freedom  c. free   d. freed
(3) 在 “too...to”句型中，不定式含有否定意义，表示“结果”。
He was too busy to help me at the moment.
He was too exited to speak.
Example:
They were ______ to go any further.
a. too frightened  b. as frightened as  c. so frightened as  d. too frightened for
注：一般情况下，句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语，要注意它们的一致。
Example:
To learn to speak English well, ______.
a. much practice is needed  b. one needs much practice
c. much practice is in need   d. much practice one is needed

                                   EXERCISE

1. Please let me know what you intend _____.
a. will do  b. do  c. to do  d. doing
2. Would you be _____ to step this way, please?
a. too kind  b. so kind  c. so kind as   d. as
3. They have made the oil and water ____ from each other.
a. to separate  b. separate   c. to be separated  d. to have separated
4. It is very important ____ our teaching methods.
a. to improve to  b. improve  c. improved  d. to improve
5. I have warned you time and again ____ the wire.
a. not touch  b. not touching  c. not to touch  d. touch not
6. “Where should I send my application?”
“The Personnel Office is the place____.”
a. to send it  b. send it to  c. to send it to  d. for sending it
7. Would you please ____ the door for me?
a. holding  b. not to hold  c. hold   d. held
8. My brother’s wish is ____ an engineer.
a. becomes  b. to become  c. become  d. becoming to be
9. Have you heard him ____ about his former teacher?
a. spoke  b. to speak   c. speaks   d. speak
10. Can you let me ____ the truth of the matter?
a. to know  b. knowing  c. know   d. known
11. ____ for the people is weightier than Mount Tai.
a. Die  b. Dead  c. To death  d. To die
12. If you ask your mother, she will probably ___.
a. let you to go   b. allow you to go  c. allow that you go  d. let you go
13. Did you notice the girl ____.
a. cross the road  b. across the road  c. to cross the road  d. having cross the road
14. Comrade Li is known ____ an advanced worker.
a. being  b. is  c. be  d. to be
15. Seeing an old man getting off the train, she hurried over ____ things for him.
a carrying  b. to carry  c. carried  d. for carrying
16. We’d really like you ____ to the party tonight.
a. come  b. to come  c. will come  d. should come
17. It is a teacher’s duty ____ the rising generation.
a. educate  b. educating  c. to educate  d. educates
18. The best way ____ this principle is to see how it actually works in practice.
a. understanding  b. to understand  c. being understood  d. to have understood
19. If the maid comes today, please have her ____ my shirts.
a. washed  b. washing  c. to washing  d. wash
20. We can do nothing but ____ the experiment.
a. to repeat  b. repeat  c. repeating  d. repeated
21. Such a thing should never have been allowed ____ in the first place.
a. happens  b. happen  c. to happen  d. happening
22. In the days ____, China’s atomic energy industry will better serve the needs of the national economy and the people’s livelihood.
a. will come  b. come  c. came  d. to come
23. Have you got any thing ____ about this matter?
a. saying  b. to say  c. said  d. say
24. He was not ____ try it again.
a. such a fool as to  b. so a fool as to   c. a fool such as to  d. a fool so as to
25. He was too excited ____.
a. to go to sleeping  b. to slept   c. to go to sleep  d. going to sleep
26. We can’t have him ____ like that all day.
a. to work  b. working  c. to be worked  d. work
27. This will enable us ____ the problem quickly and accurately.
a. solving  b. to solve  c. to have solving  d. solve
28. All he wanted was ____ his job well; he never sought personal gain.
a. do  b. in doing  c. to do  d. to doing
29. I spoke so slowly and clearly as ____ fully understood.
a. making myself  b. to make myself to be  c. to make myself  d. to make me to understand
30. To die for the people’s sake is ____ a worthy death.
a. dead  b. dying  c. to die  d. have

                 II.  特殊不定式短语

1. 不定式复合结构：for + 名词（代词）+不定式（短语）
一般说，句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式（短语）的逻辑主语。但是有时它还有自己的逻辑主语，由介词for引出。动词不定式加上自己的逻辑主语一起构成复合结构。这种复合结构在句中句法作用与不定式基本相同。如果句中的形容词既指行为的性质又指行为的人，则用of引出这一结构。例如：
(1)作主语
It is necessary for us to catch up with the world’s advanced levels.
It is very kind of you to send us so many books.
(2)作表语
The question is for me to answer.
The school regulations are for every student to observe.
(3)作宾语
The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enter space.
Closed-circuit television makes it easy for a large number of students to see everything a teacher demonstrates.
(4)作定语
In doing research work, there are often a lot of difficulties for the scientists to overcome.
(5)作状语
He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
For a machine to do work, we must do work on the machine.
Example:
Is it necessary ____ the book immediately?
a. for him to return  b. that he returns   c. his returning   d. to him return
The problem is ____.
a. very difficult for me to solve  b. too difficult for I to solve it
c. too difficult for me to solve    d. very difficult, I can’t solve
It’s very kind ____ invite me.
a. form you to  b. of you to  c. by you to  d. that you
2. 疑问词+动词不定式
疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后面加上动词不定式，构成具有名词作用的短语。
(1)作主语
How to solve the problem will be discussed at the meeting.
Who to be elected chairman remains unknown.
(2)作表语
What we discussed is where to store these materials.
The question is what to do and how to do next.
(3)作宾语
Do you know how to answer the question?
We’ve learned what to do in face of difficulties.
(4)作定语
Nobel began to seek ways in which to make nitroglycerin safer to handle.
Example:
Do you know ____ the repairs?
a. to do  b. how to do  c. to make  d. how to make
There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know ____.
a. where to choose  b. which to choose  c. to choose what  d. to choose which
The problem we are discussing now is ____ harness the great power from within the earth.
a. how can  b. when can  c. how to  d. what to
3. 独立动词不定式
独立动词不定式具有插入语的性质，表示说话人的态度或看法。例如：
To tell the truth, that is all I know about him.
To be frank with you, I don’t like the color of your shirt.
To begin with, you must move all the equipment into the laboratory.
To be sure, he’s rather old for such an important work.
Example:
____, he studied very hard these days.
a. Being fair  b. To be fair  c. Fair enough  d. To be enough fair
To ____ with, I wound like to talk about my new plan.
a. take  b. get  c. make  d. begin
4. 动词不定式符号to后动词的省略
在并列句或复合句中，如果前一个分句与后一个分句或主句与从句用同一个动词，则后一句中可省去动词而保留 “to”。例如：
He will begin his research work as soon as possible if he is allowed to.
We shall do that test again if we are required to.
He refused to take a rest, though we had asked him to.
Example:
“will the Smiths be going abroad this summer?” “No, they finally decided ____.”
a. not going  b. not to  c. not to be   d. not to going
He does not plan to learn German, but ____.
a. so do I  b. I do so  c. I so want   d. I want to

EXERCISE

1. To ____the truth, I forgot all about my promise.
   a. remark  b. speak   c. talk   d. tell
2. My home town has changed too much ____.
  a. I can’t recognize   b. for me to recognize  c. to recognize  d. to me to recognize
3. I want to learn more about the American political system, but I don’t know ____ the
information.
a. where to get  b. how get  c. when   d. what to get
4. The great secret of success is to know ____.
  a. how learn  b. how learning    c. how to learn   d. to learn how
5. It was a bolt from the blue, so ____.
  a. speaks   b. it speak   c. to speak  d. speaking
6. ____ has not been decided yet.
a. To start when  b. Why to start  c. When to start  d. Start to where
7. What I thought of was ____ the difficulty.
a. where to tide over  b. how over to tide  c. which to over tide  d. how to tide over
8. ____ there must be air and water.
a. For there is life  b. For there to be life  c. For to be life there  d. For life is there
9. ____, you would think he was a millionaire.
a. To hear talk  b. To hear he talking  c. To hear him talk  d. Hearing he talk
10. Do you think it difficult ____?
   a. for me to do so   b. for my to do so   c. for I to do so  d. for me doing so
11. Is it possible ____ at the present time?
   a. for weather to control man   b. for man to control weather
   c. to control weather for man   d. for man control weather
12. Yet it took another thirty years ____ an industry.
   a. TV to became   b. TV becomes   c. for TV to become  d. to TV for coming
13. A man who really knows ____ will always be successful.
   a. how to eat   b. how to play  c. how to learn   d. how to count
14. She keeps telling us ____.
   a. what to do  b. doing what   c. what is doing  d. do what
15. I think it impossible for anyone ____ in advance what the results of the test will be.
a. tell  b. telling  c. tells  d. to tell
16. It is only a suggestion and you can do ____.
   a. you like to do what  b. what you like to do it  c. what you like to   d. what to you like
17. It is hardly possible for him ____ this article without using a dictionary.
   a. translated   b. translating   c to translate   d. translates
18. The general principles of TV are not difficult ___.
   a. to us to understand   b. to understand for us  c. for us understood  d. for us to understand
19. The most important problem is ____ and how to serve.
   a. who to serve   b. who serves  c. whom to serve  d. to serve who
20. ____ is not known.
   a. Whom to begin the running test     b. When to begin the running test
   c. When the running test begin       d. How begin to the running test
21. ____ the job alone is impossible.
a. To him to do  b. For him doing  c. For him to do  d. For he to do
22. ____, they will overtake us before long.
  a. Making sure  b. To be sure   c. Sure enough  d. To make sure of
23. ____ it should be made clear.
   a What to do   b. Why to do    c. Whom to do  d. When can do
24. A machine makes it possible ____ a large force with a small one.
a. people overcome     b. to people for overcoming 
b. for people overcoming  d. for people to overcome
25. I wanted very much to lie down and rest, but I ____.
a. don’t dare  b. don’t dare to  c. didn’t dare to  d. daren’t to

III. 动词不定式的时态和语态

    动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。
    1．动词不定式的时态和语态形式（以make为例）
语态

    时态 
      主 动 语 态 
       被 动 语 态

   一般时 
   to make                 
   to be made

   进行时 
   to be making 

   完成时 
   to have made 
   to have been made

   完成进行时 
   to have been making 

2. 一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在起之后发生。例如：
I saw him climb up the tree.
Be quite. Our monitor has a piece of good news to tell us.
We hope to build up a modern laboratory before long.
我们在I.中所运用的动词不定式均为一般式的主动语态，这里不再多举例。
3. 进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。例如：
The water seems to be boiling.
She was found to be teaching the pupils to make model planes.
Example:
If you are traveling forwards in a train, the things around you outside seem ____ backwards.
a. having moved  b. to have moved  c. to be moving  d. to moving
4. 完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：
They are known to have come to a decision on the matter.
It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.
如果动词不定式的完成式用在表示“需要”，“希望”，“打算”等意义的动词如hope, wish, expect, intend, mean 后以及用在情态动词should, could, ought(to), might和be to的过去时后，则说明动作没有实现。例如：
We meant to have had a meeting to discuss this problem.
我们本来打算开个会讨论这个问题。（但结果却没有开）
You should have switched off the light when you left the classroom.
你离开教室的时候应该把灯关掉。（实际上没有关灯）
We were to have built a laboratory behind the lecture building.
我们原来要在教学大楼后边盖一座实验室。（但后来没有盖）
Example:
Some people were reported ____ flying saucers that same evening.
a. to  b. to have seen  c. to have been seen   d. having seen
The elephants ought ____ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed   b. to feed   c. to being fed  d. to have been fed
5. 完成进行式：不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行。例如：
He is said to have been working in this factory for more than twenty years.
She seems to have been writing a scientific treatise.
Example:
He considers it a pleasure ____ in the capital of our country.
a. to have been working  b. working  c. to be worked   d. to have working
6. 被动式：表示被动的意义。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时，则用被动形式。例如：
Water is known to be composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
It was the first computer to be designed by Chinese engineers.
She was the first woman to have been chosen as an astronaut.
The mother seems to have been repaired.
Example:
There is nothing important ____.
a. to discussing  b. to being discussed   c. to discuss   d. to be discussed
His works appears ____ into several languages already.
a. having been translated   b. to be translated
c. to have been translated   d. to translated

                       EXERCISE
1. He suddenly saw a waterfall. It was an impressive sight: the water seemed ____ straight out of the clouds.
  a. to drop   b. dropped  c. to be dropping  d. to have dropped
2. He intended ____ an accurate calculation last week.
  a. to make   b. to be made   c. to have been made   d. to have made
3. I am sorry to ____ the book for such a long time.
  a. keep   b. had kept   c. have kept   d. having kept
4. They appear ____ in the accident.
  a. was injured  b. to have been injured  c. to injure   d. being injured
5. She seemed ____ about it already.
  a. hear  b. hearing  c. to hear   d. to have heard
6. You seen ____ your health.
  a. to recover  b. to be recovering   c. have recovered  d. recovered
7. The next thing ____ is to oil the machine.
a. to be done  b. to be doing  c. do  d. will be done
8. The old man is said ____ a very poor man when he was young.
a. to be  b. he was  c. to have been  d having been
9. The gas seems ____ very quickly.
a. having expanded  b. to have been expanding  c. to have expanded  d. to expand
10. The research was known ____ for over 20 years.
   a. to be going on   b. to have been going on   c. to have gone on   d. to go on
11. They were glad ____ something for the people.
   a. to have done  b. to have doing  c. to be done   d. to have been done
12. He asked ____ re-elected since he had been chairman for seven years.
   a. not to have been  b. not to be  c. to be not   d. to have not been
13. The satellite is always escaping from the earth ____ back by gravity the same distance it has escaped.
a. to pull  b. to have been pulled  c. only to be pulled  d. only being pulled
14. Much research in this field remains ____.
   a. to do  b. doing  c. to be done   d. to have been done
15. In order ____ into space, a great force is needed to overcome the force of gravity.
a. a satellite to launch       b. for a satellite to be launched
b. for satellite to be launching  d. to a satellite is launched
16. The child pretended ____ what his patents were saying.
   a. to be not listening to   b. to be listening not to
   c. to not be listening to   d. not to be listening to
17. The first aeroplane is said ____ of pieces of wood and cloth.
   a. to have been made   b. to have made   c. to be made  d. to make
18. Every device ____ in the spacecraft must be designed and made with great care.
   a. to fit   b. to fitting   c. to be fitted   d. fitting
19. I meant ____ you about it, but I forgot to do so.
   a. telling   b. to tell  c. to have told   d. to have telled
20. That factory is said ____ three times as many radios as it did last year.
a. to producing  c. to be producing  c. to be produced  d. to have been produced
21. ____ by the enemy is a good thing.
   a. To be attacked  b. To be attacking  c. To attack    d. Attacked
22. That old scientist is known ____ on this problem for about five years.
   a. to have being worked   b. to have been worked
   c. to have been working   d. to work
23. She was found ____ letters yesterday evening.
   a. to have writing   b. to being  c. to wrote   d. to be writing
24. When a machine is ____, suitable materials must be chosen for its parts.
   a. building  b. build   c. to build   d. to be built
25. Such engines are too heavy ____ in cars and aeroplanes at present.
   a to use   b. to be used   c. to have used  d. to using
26. A cure for cancer is bound ____ one of these days.
   a. to discover  b. to be discovered   c. to discovering   d. to being discovered
27. The enemy was reported to ____ by our army.
   a. have been surrounded   b. had been surrounded
   c. be surrounding        d. have being surrounded
28. She is said to ____ like that for many years.
   a. be working  b. have worked  c. have been working   d. work
29. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____ in broad daylight yesterday.
   a. to be robbed   b. robbed  c. having been robbed   d. to have been robbed
30.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “Yes, but I ____so.”
a. rather not do  b. shouldn’t do   c. better not done   d. shouldn’t have done

答案：I.  1.C    2.C   3.B   4.D   5.C   6.C   7.C   8.B   9.D  10.C
         11.D  12.B  13.A  14.D  15.B  16.B  17.C  18.B  19.D  20.B
         21.C  22.D  23.B  24.A  25.C  26.D  27.B  28.C  29.C  30.C
  II.   1.D   2.B   3.A   4.C   5.C   6.C   7.D   8.B   9.C  10.A
11.B  12.C  13.C  14.A  15.D  16.C  17.C  18.D  19.C  20.B
21.C  22.B  23.B  24.D  25.C
III.   1.C   2.D   3.C   4.B   5.D   6.B   7.A   8.C   9.B  10.B
     11.A  12.B  13.C  14.C  15.B  16.D  17.A  18.C  19.C  20.B
     21.A  22.C  23.D  24.D  25.B  26.B  27.A  28.C  29.D  30.D

               分  词

分词是另一种非谓语动词，有现在分词与过去分词两种。现在分词由原形动词加-ing构成；规则动词的过去分词由原形动词加-ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则，需分别记忆。
分词保留有动词的一些特征：
(1)可以带宾语或表语。例如：
He ran into the house, closing the door behind him.
Being overheat, the tube burns out.
(2)可由状语修饰。例如：
Led by the party, we are working hard to realize the four modernizations.
That was one of the tests being made yesterday.
(3)有时态和语态的变化。例如：
Being heated, the water begins to boil.
Having finished my lunch, I went back to work..
分词和它的宾语，表语或状语连在一起构成分词短语。分词或分词短语具有形容词或副词的性质，因而在句中可作表语，状语和补足语。
在分词前加上not则构成分词的否定式。例如：
Not having solved this problem, he doesn’t like to play.

I.分词的句法作用
1.作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词前，但有时也可放在名词后；分词短语作定语必须放在被修饰的名词后，但由“副词+分词”构成的短语则放在它所修饰的名词前。如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的发出者，则用现在分词作定语；如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的承受者，则用过去分词作定语。例如：
The woman teacher giving us oral lessons is from America.
The scalded dog fears cold water. (proverb)
The political instructor dashed into the burning house and rescued two children.
The circuit shown in this diagram is very complicated.
Example:
    Electrical energy ____ from the sun in a round-about way is the most widely used energy today.
    a. coming  b. to come   c. come   d. having come
    Some of the experiments ____ in the book are easy to perform.
    a. describing  b. to be described   c. described   d. to describe
    I heard some very ____news this morning.
    a. excited  b. exciting  c. being excited   d. have excited
注：分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动，进行之意，过去分词表示被动与完成，而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
The question discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.
会上所讨论的问题是十分机密的。
The question being discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.
会上正在讨论的问题是十分机密的。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.
会上要讨论的问题是十分机密的。
2.作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，宾语是动作发发出者；过去分词做补语补足语具有被动意义，宾语是动作的承受者。可带宾语补足语的常用动词有see, watch, hear, find, notice, leave, smell, have, get, make等。要特别注意，在由“have, get, see +直接宾语+过去分词”的句型中，表达的动作不是由主语所指的人做的，而是由别人做的。例如：
My hair is too long. I am going to have it cut.我头发太长了，我要去（请人）理发。
When he reached the gate of the school, he heard the bell ringing.
On a rainy day we will see many streams running down the slopes.
We found the path covered with snow.
Example:
Is there anything you want from town? I am going to get____.
a. those letters mailed  b. mailed letters  c. to mail those letters  d. those letters mail
Her pronunciation is terrible. She can hardly make herself ____ when she speaks English.
a. understand   b. understood  c. to understand   d. to be understood
Can you smell something ____?
a. burn  b. burnt   c. burning    d. to be burnt
3.作主语补足语
如果把分词作宾语补足语的句中的谓语由主动语态改为被动语态，则宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。例如：
The machine must be kept running at full speed.
He was found standing at the corner of that street.
The windows were seen carefully cleaned.
The glass was found broken into pieces.
Example:
The boys were seen ____ on the sportsground.
a. play  b. played   c. playing   d. to be playing
4.作状语
分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when, while, as, once, until, if ”等连接词。例如：
Walking along the street, we found a purse lying on the ground.
Being very tired, he fell asleep immediately.
Having failed several times, they didn’t lose heart.
He was sitting at his desk, looking at his watch.
United as one, they are waging a heroic struggle.
注意分词及其逻辑主语（即主句主语）的一致性。逻辑主语应为现在分词表示的动作的发出者或为过去分词表示动作的承受者，不能说：
Looking out of the window, a car is running.
Example:
    ____ some of the tasks done by man before, computers are sometimes called thinking machines.
    a. Taking over   b. To have taken over   c. To take over   d. To be taken over
    Any body, when ____ to a high temperature, becomes a source of light.
    a. to be heated   b. heated   c. being heated   d. having heated
    ____ plastics, the machine is light in weight.
    a. To make of   b. Having made   c. To be made of   d. Made of
注意：在go后面的动词如果是属于运动游玩之类动词，应用现在分词。例如：
We went playing basketball last night.
In summer we go swimming at the seaside.
Example:
“ Where were you yesterday?”
“We went ____ with Kim’s friend.”
a. to hiking  b. hiking   c. by hiking   d. on hike
We went ____ with Charles last Saturday.
a. to swim  b. swimming  c. swam   d. swim
5.作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征；过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，要特别注
意区分下述常用现在分词与过去分词。如：
    amazing    (令人惊异的)       amazed       （感到惊讶）
    exciting   （令人激动）        excited       （感到激动）
    interesting （有趣的）          interested     （感兴趣）
    surprising  （令人惊异的）      surprised     （感到惊异）
    boring     （令人厌烦的）      bored        （感到厌烦）
  inspiring   （令人鼓舞的）      inspired      （受鼓舞）
    moving    （令人感动的）      moved       （受感动）
    discouraging （令人沮丧的）     discouraged   （感到沮丧）
例如：
The young generation is quite promising. 年轻一代大有希望。
The story sounds touching. 这个故事听起来很动人。
The power of words is surprising.语言的力量是惊人的。
He did not seem at all interested in the subject. 他对这个题目似乎一点也不感到有兴趣。
My home village is surrounded by beautiful hills. 我的家乡四面环山。
Example:
Edison ____ scientific experiments.
a. interested to  b. was interested in  c. is interesting   d. was interesting in
The lecture was so ____ that everyone went to sleep.
a. boring   b. bored   c. tiring   d. tired

                       EXERCISE
1.She were often heard ____ this song when she was happy.
  a. sang   b. singing   c. sung   d. to be singing
2.At that time he couldn’t answer all the questions ____ by the students.
  a. raised  b. raising   c. to raise   d. having raised
3.These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them ____ in new methods.
  a. to train  b. train   c. training   d. trained
4.The manager promised to keep us ____ of how our business was going on.
  a. to be informed   b. by informing  c. informed  d. informing
5.____ in England, Anne Bradstreet both admired and initiated several English poets.
  a. Having born and educated   b. Since born and educating
  c. To be born and educated     d. born and educated
6.The painting ____ on the wall was painted by an artist.
  a. hung  b. hang   c. hunging   d. hanged
7. The news left me ____ what would happen next.
  a. wonder  b. wondering   c. wondered  d. have wondered
8.The new textbook, ____ compared with the old one, has many advantages.
  a. while   b. if  c. as   d. which
9.____ from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
  a. Considering  b. Consider  c. To consider   d. Considered
10.Our institute has announced plans to establish a business school ____ the master’s degree in business administration.
   a. to be offered  b. to have offered  c. offering   d. to be offering
11.The steel thus ____ is suitable for machine tools.
   a. obtained  b obtaining  c. obtain   d. to obtained
12.There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself ____.
   a. hearing   b. to hear   c. heard   d. being heard
13.____ no alternative, we accepted these conditions.
   a. Doing   b. Having   c. After   d. Had
14.Matter is the name ____ to everything which has weight and occupies space.
   a. giving  b. gave   c. given  d. gives
15.The train was seen ____ at a very high speed toward the industrial center.
a. travel  b. travels  c. traveled  d. traveling
16.When ____ through the book, I came across an interesting picture.
   a. look  b looking   c. looked   d. being looked
17.Power stations employ ____ water to produce electricity.
   a. falling  b. fallen   c. filling   d. filled
18.The news was ____ to us all.
   a. surprised  b. to be surprised  c. surprising   d. to surprised
19.His suggestion started me ____ seriously.
a. thinking  b. having thought  c. think  d. thought
20.With radar, the soldiers ____ a town can see enemy aeroplanes hundreds of miles away.
a. guarded  b. guard  c. guarding  d. to guard
21.We’ll soon have a person ____ with us.
   a. to work  b. working  c. worked    d. works
22.A wind is a current of air ____ near the surface of the earth.
a. moves  b. moving  c. moved  d. to move
23.The charm of life was ____ for Tom Sawyer.
a. going  b. go  c. went  d. gone
24.____ the largest source of energy in the solar system, the sun sends out vast amounts of energy.
   a. Because  b. Be   c. Being   d. Having
25.Can you get the clock ____ again?
   a. gone   b. going   c. go   d. to go
26.____ by his spirit, we waged another struggle.
   a. Inspired  b. Inspiring   c. Inspire   d. Having inspired
27.The teacher came into the classroom, ____ by a group of pupils.
   a. to follow   b. following  c. be followed   d. followed
28.I saw that old man ____ down by a truck.
   a. knocking  b. knock  c. knocked    d. to knocking
29.____ from the hill, the town looks magnificent.
   a. Seen   b. Seeing   c. To see   d. Be seen
30.Anyone who has seen a great locomotive ____ a long train realizes that heat can do work.
   a. pulled   b. being pulled   c. pulling   d. pulls
31.He soon made his presence ____ and his wishes ____.
   a. feel...know   b. feeling...knowing  c. felt...known   d. felt...knowing
32.____ the position as a whole, they are better off now than before.
   a. Considering  b. Considered   c. To consider   d. For considering
33.I have to have my radio ____ so that I can listen to the radio English course.
a. repair  b. repairing  c. repaired  d. to repair
34.What did the teacher want ____ to the noisy children?
a. done  b. to do  c. doing  d. did
35.I asked for help, ____, however, whether anyone would volunteer.
   a. doubted  b. being doubting  c. doubting   d. was doubting
36.Once ____, the machines may be put into service.
a. testing  b. to test  c. tests  d. tested
37.____, we listened very attentively to the professor.
   a. Deeply moved   b. Moved deeply by   b. By deeply moved  d. Deeply moved
38.This program will examine the writer’s books in detail, ____ an introduction to her life.
a. following  b. having followed  c. being followed  d. to be followed
39.____ a Party member, he is ready to do anything for the Party.
   a. Being  b. To be   c. For being   d. Be
40.The party was taken out to see a film ____ on location in the desert.
   a. being shot  b. being now shot   c. while being shot   d. that being shot

                     II．分词的时态和语态
分词保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但过去分词只有一般式，见下表。
1．构成（以study和go为例）
  及物与不及物动词
            
  时态    语态
类别             及 物 动 词   不及物动词
 
主动语态 
    被动语态 
     主动语态

现在分词 一般式  studying  being studied  going
 完成式  having studied  having been studied  having going
过去分词 一般式   studied  gone
上一部分已经重点练习了分词一般式的用法，故这一部分主要练习分词的被动式与完成式。
2．用法
(1) 一般式：现在分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动作同时发生或表示分词表示的动作发生后，句中谓语动作立刻发生；过去分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生或者某些持续性动作的分词表示与句中谓语动作并无先后之分。例如：
    One day a few weeks later I found myself sitting in a village house， facing an old man of about eighty.
    Stripping off his padded coat, he jumped into the water and rescued the child from drowning.
    Compared with her achievements, her shortcomings are, after all, only secondary.
    The element shown by the symbol H is hydrogen.
(2) 现在分词的完成式：现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生，具有主动意义。例如：
Having finished reading the book, she put it aside.
Having made the choice, they began to test the material.
Not having received an answer, I wrote again.
Having been in operation for many hours, the motor became rather hot.
Having lost our way, we were obliged to spend the night in the wood.
Example:
___ different kinds of fertilizers, the workers further improved their technique.
a. Having been produced   b. Being produced   c. Having produced  d. Producing
____, he washed the cup and put it away.
a. Having drank the coffee   b. Drinking the coffee 
c. Having drunk the coffee   d. After drank the coffee
(3) 现在分词的被动式：一般式现在分词的被动式表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；完成式现在分词被动语态表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：
Being pushed, the ball starts to move.
The building being built is for the professors of our institute.
While being turned into water, ice takes in much heat.
You may find this kind of products being sold everywhere.
Not having been tested, this new-type oil pump can’t be put into production.
Example:
The questions now ____ at the meeting are of great importance.
a. being discussed  b. were discussing  c. to discuss   d. are discussing
The house ____ will be a student dormitory.
a. having built   b. have being built   c. having been built   d. been built
____ for a long time, the instrument needs to be repaired.
a. Having used   b. Having been used  c. Using   d. Being used

                      EXERCISE

1.____the letter, she burned it up.
  a. Finished reading  b. Had finished reading   c. Having finished reading  d. To have read
2.She likes to watch the boats____.
  a. unloaded   b. being unloaded   c. unloading  d. to unloaded
3.____ that film, I am afraid I cannot say anything about it.
  a. Not having seen  b. Having seen   c. Having been seen   d. Not seen
4.___ the news, I feel excited.
  a. Being heard   b. To hearing   c. Having heard   d. Heard
5.The plant ____ by the workers is a chemical plant.
  a. being built   b. building  c. to build   d. will be built
6.____ him before, she didn’t know he was her nephew.
  a. Having seen  b. For not seeing   c. Not having seen  d. Seeing not
7.While ____ round by the pump, the gas is compressed.
  a. passing   b. being passed  c. being   d. for being passed
8.____ to sing an English song, she couldn’t refuse.
  a. Asking  b. Having asked   c. Being asked   d. When asking
9. The teachers, ____ in a mine for half a year, returned to the school.
a. having trained  b. after having trained  c. having been trained  d. trained
10.____ ill for a week, she was sent to the hospital.
   a. Being   b. Having  c. Having being   d. Having been
11.The machine ____ is a drilling machine.
   a. being repaired  b. be repairing   c. having repaired   d. was repaired
12.While ____, coal gives off light and heat.
   a. being burnt   b. burning   c. burnt   d. having burnt
13.____ in the countryside, I knew little about the factory.
   a. Having brought up   b. Having been brought up 
c. Has been brought up  d. Been brought up
14.____ more and more skilled, the workers could make better products.
  a. Having been  b. Been   c. Because being   d. Having had
15.____ for a certain period of time, the moving parts of the car engines was worn out.
   a. Had used  b. Had been used   c. Having been used  d. Having used
16.The iron ore ____ reached a temperature off 2000 C.
a. has being heated  b. being heated  c. to be heated  d. had been heated
17.____ to supply materials for new uses, our plastics industry is developing at a high speed.
   a. Requiring  b. For required   c. Having required   d. Being required
18. ____, he didn’t attend our meeting.
a. Although inviting  b. Having invited  c. Not being invited  d. Being not invited
19.We found that book ___ in this institute.
   a. being taught  b. is taught   c. teaching  d. were to be taught
20.The wounded, ____, was sent to the hospital.
   a. to be rescued  b. having been rescued   c. having rescued  d. being rescued

                     III. 分词复合结构

分词短语在句中作状语，一般没有自己的主语，句中的主语通常就是分词短语的逻辑主语，但有时分词短语可有自己的主语，有名词或代词表示，放在分词短语之前，他们之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系，这种结构即为分词复合结构，也称为分词独立结构。分词复合结构通常在句中作状语，表示时间，原因，条件或伴随情况，附加说明等，也可放在句首或句末，用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词复合结构主要有以下形式：
1.分词逻辑主语+分词
Everything having been prepared, they began to make a new experiment.
The meeting being over, we held a discussion.
Weather permitting, we shall make a trip to Mount Tai
Science and technology modernized, industry and agriculture will develop rapidly.
Lei Feng lives on, his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people.
There are many kinds of materials, each having its own uses.
Example:
Farmers like just the right amount of sunshine, all ____ right time.
a. coming  b. comes   c. came   d. to come
The audience ____ their seats, the president began his report.
a. taken  b. had   c. having taken   d. having been taken
2.由with（或without）+分词逻辑主语+分词
这种结构多表示伴随情况或作补充说明，有时也可表示时间，条件，原因等。例如：
Almost all metals are good conductors, with silver being the best.
几乎所有金属都是良导体，以银为最好。
An object may be hot without the motion in it being visible.
一个物体即使其内部运动无法看到，却可能是热的。
With night coming on, bats came out.
夜幕降临，蝙蝠出来了。
That boy was being scolded by his father with his head bowed.
那男孩正低着头挨他父亲责骂。
He left the room angrily, without a word more spoken.
他愤怒地离开房间，一句话也不再说。
3.由There being +主语构成
这种结构多表示原因。例如：
There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.
因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。
There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.
由于没有备件，设备无法立即修复。
There being an important meeting to attend, he hurried back by plane.
因为要参加一个重要会议，他急忙成飞机赶回。
There being nothing important, she didn’t want to trouble you.
因为没有重要事，她不想打扰你。
Example:
Modern technological advances are being made, but ____.
a. with highly considerable cost   b. at great expense
c. with great expenses involved   d. by a lot of expenses
With all the children ____ at home during the holidays, she has a great deal of work to do.
a. being   b. was   c. having   d. were
4.分词复合结构的逻辑谓语部分如果是“系—表”结构，分词being常常不出现，而仅有表语，常为形容词，副词，名词，介词短语或不定式。例如：
The question (being) easy, I got full marks.
The war over, all the Chinese People’s Volunteers came back to China.
Some Party and Government leaders were present at the opening ceremony, among them Premier Zhou En-lai.
5.独立的分词短语
有些分词短语和句中的主语并不发生直接的关系，大多已构成固定的习惯用语，仅起插入语作用，可看作独立成分。例如：
Generally speaking, this book is not very interesting.
Judging from your accent, you must be from Shandong.
Beginning tomorrow, we’ll get up at half pass five.
Example:
____, the invention is useless.
a. To speak practical    b. Speaking practical  
c. Practically speaking  d. In speaking practical
The equipment has cost, ____, about $5,000.
a. to speak   b. roughly speaking   c. speaking roughly   d. having spoken

EXERCISE

1.The shower ____, they came out to play.
  a. over   b. be over   c. having over   d. to be over
2.With the experiment ____, we started new investigation.
  a. carrying out   b. carries out   c. carried out   d. to be carried out
3. Chromium ____, strength and hardness of the steel increased.
  a. be added   b. have added   c. having been added   d. having added
4. The letter ____, I put it into an envelope.
a. having written  b. having been written  c. been written  d. writing
5. This ____, I sat down to rest.
  a. doing  b. did  c. does   d. done
6. The room was quiet, the students ____.
  a. neither talking nor laughing   b.. either talking or laughing
  c. neither talk not laugh        d. neither talked nor laughed
7. There ____ to deal with, out secretary often went to work early in the morning.
  a. is a lot of problems   b. are a lot of problems
c. be a lot of problems  d. being a lot of problems
8. Spring ____, the trees grew green.
  a. coming on   b. comes on   c. will come on  d. on coming
9. All preparations ____, they started the experiment.
  a. making   b. made   c. makes   d. was made
10. That ____ the case, we’d better do it all over again.
   a. is   b. was   c. being   d. were
11. ____, you have done very well.
   a. Generally speaking   b. Speak generally  c. General speak   d. General speaking
12. The question ____, we wound up the meeting.
   a. having been settled   b. has been settled  c. is settled   d. settling
13. With so many comrades ____ us, we are sure to fulfil our plan ahead of schedule.
   a. helped   b. helping   c. to help  d. help
14. The students ____ the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.
   a. has done   b. do   c. are doing   d. having done
15. I wanted to go shopping, but the rain ____ heavy, I decided to stay home.
   a. being   b. had been   c. was   d. was being
16. The circuit can be checked without the power supply ____.
   a. being on   b. being off   c. being turned   d. to be off
17. The guests ____, they went on with their discussion.
   a. left  b. had left   c. having left   d. lefted
18. All things ____, her paper is of greater value than yours.
   a. consider   b. considers   c. are considered   d. considered
19. With Achilles ____, the Greeks now knew they would never break into the city.
   a. gone  b. going   c. went   d. had gone
20. Seen from space, our earth, with water ____ 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”.
   a. covers  b. covering   c. to cover   d. covered

答案：   I.   1.B   2.A   3.D   4.C   5.D   6.A   7.B   8.C   9.D  10.C
11.A  12.C  13.B  14.C  15.D  16.B  17.A  18.C  19.A  20.C
21.B  22.B  23.D  24.C  25.B  26.A  27.D  28.C  29.A  30.C
31.C  32.A  33.C  34.A  35.C  36.D  37.D  38.A  39.A  40.A
         II.  1.C   2.B   3.A   4.C   5.A   6.C   7.B   8.C    9.C  10.D
11.A  12.B  13.B  14.A  15.C  16.B  17.D  18.C  19.A   20.B
III.  1.A  2.C   3.C   4.B   5.D  6. A    7.D   8.A   9.B   10.C 
11.A  12.A  13.B  14.D  15.A  16.B   17.C  18.D  19.A  20.B

                           动 名 词

动名词是又一种非谓语动词，由原形动词加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词保留了动词的一些特征：
(1)可带宾语或表语。例如：
Solving this complicated problem needs much time.
Please excuse my being so late.
(2)可由状语修饰。例如：
We are thinking of doing our work better and faster.
I was surprised at his speaking English so fluently.
(3)有时态和语态的变化。例如：
After having finished my homework, I went to help him with his English.
He did it without being permitted.
动名词和它的宾语，表语或状语连在一起构成动名词短语。动名词及动名词短语具有名词的性质，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
动名词前加上not就构成了动名词的否定式。例如：
Not being limited to natural products gives us a much wider choice of engineering materials.

                       I.   动名词的句法作用

1．作主语
Cutting steel on a machine is a physical change.
Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.
Pushing or pulling an object but not moving it is not doing work.
Being smaller in size and taking up less space is one of the advantages of the transistors.
Example:
____ work means moving a body through a distance by a force.
a. Having done   b. Done   c. Doing   d. Being done
“Why were you so late for work today?”
“____ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.”
a. Driving  b. To drive  c. I drove   d. That I drove
当动名词短语作主语时，有时可以用形式it代替， it放在句首而把实际主语放在句末，但大多限于象 “It is no use...”, “It is no good...”, “It is useless...”等少数惯用法中，在学习中应注意多观察，不要随意套用例如：
It is no use crying over spoilt milk.(proverb) 覆水难收，徒悔无益。
It is no use pumping a dry well. (proverb) 枯井打水，徒劳无功。
It’s no good trying to persuade him not to do that. 试图说服他不干那件事是无益的。
Example:
It’s no good ____ the stable door when the horse is stolen.
a. closing  b. shutting  c. locking  d. fixing
动名词还可用在There is no...结构中作主语。例如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事是不能开玩笑的。
There is no knowing when we shall meet again.不知我们何时能再见面。
There is no denying the fact that he works harder than Joe. 不能否认他工作比乔努力。
Example:
There is no use ____ him at this hour.
a. to call  b. called  c. call  d. calling
2.作表语
Our duty is serving the people wholeheartedly.
Your main task is learning.
Holding an object in the hand is not doing work.
Saving is getting.
Example:
His job is ____ people about weather conditions.
a. that to inform  b. informing  c. when informing   d. what to inform
3.作宾语
(1)在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：
admit, advise, advocate, appreciate, avoid, consider, confess, defer, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, grudge, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, quit, resist, risk, resume, stand, stop, suggest, understand 等。例如：
He advised asking a doctor to come and examine my eyes.
Can you imagine traveling to work in a one-man submarine?
I suggest organizing a study group to help each other.
Example:
You can’t avoid ____ in language learning.
a. to make mistakes    b. from making mistakes 
c. having made mistakes  d. making mistakes
 They’re considering ____ us greater say in such matters.
 a. to give  b. giving  c. to have given   d. to be giving
注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如：
We don’t allow fishing here.我们不准在这儿钓鱼。
We don’t allow people to fish here.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。
Example:
I permit him ____.
a. that go  b. going  c. for going  d. to go
(2)用在动词bear, deserve, need, stand, want等后面表示被动意义（不需用动名词的被动形式），或者用不定式的被动式也可表达同样意义。例如：
The problem needs discussing carefully.
(or: The problem needs to be discussed carefully.)
The house wants repairing.
注：require一词一般只用动名词作宾语。
Example:
The lawn mower ____ before the grass can be cut.
a. requires to be repaired  b. must be repairing
c. needs repairing         d. has to be repair
Many of these costumes for the play are torn____.
a. and mending is required of them   b. but need mending
c. and need to be mended          d. but require to be mended
(3)在动词remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean, like后可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同。
a)remember后跟动名词表示“记得曾做过某事”；后跟不定式表示“要记住去做某事”。例如：
I remembered giving you the book this morning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。
You must remember to give her the book tomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。
Example:
Do you remember ever ____ a car accident?
a. seeing  b. you saw   c. see   d. to see
b)forget后跟动名词标号司“做过某事而忘记了”；后跟不定式表示“忘记了而不曾做某事”。例如：
I forgot seeing him once in Shanghai. 我忘记了曾经在上海看见过他一次。
I forgot to tell him the good news. 我忘记了（而不曾）告诉他这个好消息。
Example:
I saw him in the classroom but I forgot ____ to come here.
a. telling him  b. to tell him  c. he told  d. his telling
c)regret后跟动名词表示对已做过的事情后悔；后跟不定式表示对现在正在做或要去做的事情后悔。例如：
Eric regretted not having taken the earlier flight. 埃里克后悔没搭乘早一班的飞机。
I regret to say I am unable to do that job.很抱歉，我干不了那个工作。
Example:
“Didn’t the council turn down Frank’s proposal?”
“Yes. Now he regrets ____ it.”
a. to submit  b. to have submitted  c. having submitted  d. he has submitted
We regret ____ you that the books you want to buy are sold out.
a. informing  b. to inform  c. to have informed  d. having informed
d)stop后跟动名词表示“停止干某事”；后跟不定式表示“停下来去赶某事”。例如：
Stop talking!别说话了。
Let’s stop to have a meeting.让我们停下来开个会。
Example:
One of the machines stopped ___ and caused a blockage in the assembly line.
a. to work  b. work   c. worked   d. working
When I came in, he stopped ____ with me.
a. talking  b. having talked   c. talk   d. to talk
e)try后跟动名词表示“试一试某种方法”或“试一试某件事”；后跟不定式表示“试
图”，表示设法去做一件事。例如：
She tried running every day for her health.她每天试着跑步以增进健康。
I must try to put the room in good order before eight.
Example:
The driver has been trying ____ the car for nearly an hour.
a. start  b. started   c. to start  d. for start
f)mean后跟动名词表示意味着，意思是；后跟不定式表示打算，想要。例如：
It means saying that he is right.这就是说他是正确的。
We mean to accomplish the task, one way or another.不管怎样我们决意要完成这项任务。
Example:
Revolution means ____ the productive forces.
a. to liberate   b. liberate  c. liberated  d. liberating
g)动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。
What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？
Example:
I don’t like ____ at me.
a. them shouting  b. them shout   c. their shout   d. that they shout
“Are you going to leave now?” “Unless you would prefer me ____ here.”
a. to stay  b. will stay  c. that I stay   d. stay
(4)在后跟介词的短语动词后要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有：
approve of, be capable of, be objected to, be used to, be fond of, be accustomed to, be proud of, get through, go on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, look forward to, object to, see to, think of, put off 及can’t help等。例如：
He insisted on doing the experiment at once.
The storm prevented us from going out.
I am used to locking the door before I leave.
Who is quite capable of doing that?
I am proud of being Chinese.
Example:
I am accustomed _____ at seven in the morning.
a. to rise  b. to rising   c. to be rising   d. to have risen
I am looking forward to ____ from you again.
a. hear  b. hearing  c. listen   d. listening
“I have a letter from your uncle.”
“Do you object ____ it?”
a. to my reading  b. that I read   c. from my reading  d. to I read
(5)在介词后要求用动名词作宾语。例如：
He went away without telling me.
The easiest way of getting heat is to burn fuel.
In selecting a material, the engineer’s primary concern is its properties.
Example:
I learned to drive ____ strict obedience to my tutor.
a. giving  b. give  c. to give   d. by giving
(6)在形容词busy, worth, like等后面要求用动名词，可视为复合谓语的宾语。like多用于feel like这一词组中。例如：
There is nothing worth mentioning.
We are busy preparing for the examination.
Do you feel like having another cup of tea?
Example:
That movie is worth ____.
a. to see   b. to look at   c. seeing   d. to be seen
It’s so warm today that I don’t feel ____ doing anything.
a. to like  b. like   c. liking  d. to liking
(7)当 “have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名词difficulty, trouble, problem, fun, a hard time等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如：
Accustomed to climbing tress, I had no difficulty reaching the top.
我习惯爬树，因此爬到树顶毫无困难。
“Why were you late?” “ I had a hard time getting up this morning.”
“你为什么迟到？”“今天早上我真起不来床。”
Example:
Does he have difficulty ___ English?
a. to speak  b. speak   c. speaking  d. spoke
4.作定语
只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。例如：
There is a swimming pool in the back yard.
Only after repeated practice can we improve our teaching method.
注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。例如：
flying fish飞鱼  a running dog走狗  a falling tide落潮  a crying boy哭着的孩子

                            EXERCISE

1.When Mary fell down the slide, the other girls ____.
  a. weren’t able to stop laughter   b. couldn’t help laughing
  c. could not avoid to laugh      d. could not stop but laughing
2.The professor knows his subject, but he has trouble ____ his ideas across ot the students.
  a. making  b. setting  c. to get   d. getting
3.It’s no good ____ all about a language if you can’t use it.
  a. knowing  b. to know   c. having known   d. being known
4.Whatever is worth ____ at all is worth ___ well.
  a. to do... to do  b. doing... to do   c. being done...being done  d. doing... doing
5.I don’t see any point ____ the question any further.
a. to discuss  b. in discussing  c. of discussing  d. discussed
6.There is ____ when he will come.
a. not knowing  b. knowing not  c. no knowing  d. not to know
7.If you practice ____ English whenever you can, you will soon speak well.
  a. talking  b. going speak   c. speaking  d. to speak
8.Sorry, we don’t allow ____ here.
a. to smoke  b. smoke  c. smoking  d. smokes
9.In many ways, riding a bicycle is similar to ____ a car.
  a. driving   b. when driving  c. when you drive  d. the driving of
10.Not many people favor ____ more nuclear power plants.
   a. to build  b. built  c. build   d. building
11.Most of the people in the village make a living by ____.
a. fish or farm  b. fishing or farming  c. fishes or farms  d. fished or farmed
12.We were really looking for forward to ____ you at the meeting and were very disappointed when you didn’t appear.
a. see  b. be seen  c. seeing  d. having seen
13.Because of the accident, Grandmother will forbid me ____ in the river.
a. to go swimming  b. swimming  c. to swimming  d. swim
14.I advise you to stop ____ of carrying out such a dangerous plan.
a. to think  b. thinking  c. think  d. at thinking
15.Anna said in her letter that she’d appreciate ____ from you sometime.
   a. to hear   b. having heard  c. hearing  d. to hearing
16.I feel like ____ to the owner of the shop to complain.
   a. writing  b. to write   c. write   d. having written
17.The doctor insisted ____ the patient oxygen immediately.
a. to give  b. giving  c. on giving  d. in giving
18.We are tired of ____ the same problem all the time.
  a. discussing  b. to discuss  c. discussing for   d. discuss
19.I don’t regret ____ her what I thought, even if it upset her.
   a. telling  b. to tell   c. have told   d. told
20.The first man to succeed in ____ the Channel was Captain Webb, an Englishman.
   a. swim  b. swimming   c. swam   d. for swimming
21.It would be worth while ____ though it may take time.
a. try  b. having tried  c. trying  d. having try
22.Let’s try ____ the work another way, for we should try ____everything done in time.
   a. to do…to get   b. to do…getting  c. doing…to get   d. doing…getting
23.She usually forgets ____ the door, but she remembered ____ it yesterday.
a. to shut…to shut  b. shutting…shutting  c. to shut…shutting  d. shutting…to shut
24.He agreed that the problem required ____.
a. to look into  b. to be looked into  c. looking into  d. being looked into
25.It seemed to him that it is no use ____ to do anything any more.
a. to try  b. trying  c. tried  d. having tried
26. “What’s made Ruth so upset?” “____ three tickets to the folk music concert.”
   a. Lost  b. Losing  c. To loss   d. Since she lost
27.Would you mind ____ that large stack of paper over there?
   a. to hand to me   b. handing me   c. hand me  d. to hand me
28.The bad element admitted ____ rumors among the masses.
a. to spread  b. spread  c. spreading  d. to have spread
29.I ____ a bus to school when it was raining.
a. am used to take  b. used to taking  c. use to take  d. was used to taking
30.In ____ down town we saw a group of children marching along the street.
a. going to  b. I went  c. going from  d. going
31.____ earthquakes may be easier than modifying weather or the climate.
a. To modify  b. for modifying  c. Modifying  d. Modifies
32.We can’t understand why he avoided ____ to us.
b. to speak  b. having spoken  c. speak  d. speaking
33.She is busy ____ a variety of articles to the customers.
c. with introducing  b. to introduce  c. for introducing  d. introducing
34.I am considering ____ your offer.
   a. accepting   b. to accept  c. accepted  d. accept
35.Though there was plenty of space, she persisted ____ in the corner.
d. on sitting  b. in sitting  c. of sitting  d. with sitting
36.Some of us missed ____ the football match.
   a. to watch  b. watches   c. watching   d. watched
37.I distinctly remember ____ him. I gave him 5 dollars.
a. to pay  b. to have paid  c. paying  d. paid
38.Are you accustomed to ____ to the movies every week?
a. go  b. see  c. going  d. by going
39.Making an alloy means ____.
  a. mixing one metal with another   b. to mix one metal with another
  c. to mix with one another metal   d. one metal with another mixing
40. “Jennifer hates to do her homework.” “ That’s natural. No one ____ it.”
a. ever really enjoys      b. really is ever enjoying to do
c. enjoys to really ever do   d. really ever enjoys to do

II.  动名词的时态和语态

动名词保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态变化，但只有一般式与完成式两种形式，见下表。
1. 构成
      及物与不及物  
                 语态
 时态               
            及 物 动 词                    
    不及物动词
 
    主动语态
 
   被动语态 
     主动语态
    一般式   making   being made   going
    完成式   having made   having been made   having gone
2.用法
(1)一般式：动名词一般式表示的动作与句中动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生，在某些表示时间先后的动词和介词on, upon, after后，则动名词表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
Electricity starts flowing when the circuit is closed.
We intend applying this new process from now on.
She insisted on my staying there a week longer.
We hurried to the stop on seeing the bus come near.
Example:
____ hearing the terrible news she dropped the cup she was holding.
a. At   b. During    c. On    d. As
(2)完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：
I regret not having taken your advice.
I don’t remember having ever heard such a story before.
After having finished our homework, we began to review our lessons.
Only then can we regard ourselves as having done our duty.
He told me of his having visited a modern plant.
Example:
I bitterly regret ____ him the story yesterday.
a. to tell   b. told   c. to have told   d. having told
We have heard of ____ something for our class.
a. your having done   b. your have done   c. you having done   d. your doing
(3)被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：
On being heated, semiconductors become good conductors.
An object which has stopped moving resists being moved again.
Being kept in the open air is one of the reasons for metal corrosion.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to test this device.
Example:
The police have taken every security measure to prevent the jewellery shops ____.
a. to be robbed  b. being robbed   c. from being robbed  d. from robbing
Everybody dislikes ____.
a. at being laughed   b. at being laughed at   c. being laughed at  d. being at laughed

                        EXERCISE

1.Energy is capable of ____ from one from into another.
  a. converting  b. being converted  c. be converted   d. to be converting
2.She likes ____ when she is ill.
  a. reading to  b. being read   c. read to  d. being read to
3.A glass rod will be electrified by ____ with a piece of silk.
  a. rubbing  b. which rubbed   c. being rubbed   d. rub
4.He was taken to hospital for ____ in an accident.
  a. injuring  b. being injured  c. having injured   d. he injured
5.I remember ____all the new equipment they have.
  a. having been shown     b. having shown 
b. that they having shown  d. I having shown to
6.They cannot help ____ by the zeal of the workers.
  a. impressed  b. being to impressed   c. being impressed  d. being to be impressed
7.He just avoided ____ by that car.
  a. hitting  b. being hit   c. to hit   d. hit
8.The book is worthy of ____.
  a. reading  b. read   c. having read   d. being read
9.I remember ____ the necessary information for that research group.
a. provided  b. being provided  c. having provided  d. will provide
10.We know of electronic computers ____ for more than thirty years.
a. having used  b. being used  c. having been used  d. will have been used
11.I remember ____ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
  a. to be paid  b. that I receive pay   c. get paid   d. being paid
12.Not ____ to join us made him unhappy.
   a. to ask  b. be asked   c. being asked   d. asking
13.I’m not used to ____ in that impolite way.
   a. speak to  b. be spoken to  c. being spoken to   d. spoken to
14.Are you afraid of ____ the dog?
  a. biting   b. being bitten by   c. to be bitten by  d. bitten by
15.I have no idea of ____ such a thing.
   a. having   b. doing  c. having done   d. being to do
16.He apologized for ____ them so much trouble.
   a. he giving  b. have giving  c. having   d. having gave
17.The noise of desks ____ could be heard out in the street.
a. opened and closed      b. to be opened and closed
c. being opened and closed  d. having been opened and closed
18.The molecules of a solid tend to resist ____.
   a. to separate   b. being separated   c. separating  d. having been separated
19.After ____, sea water can be used for drinking.
  a. treating  b. been treated   c. having treated  c. having been treated
20.Do you remember ____ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
   a. to be introduced   b. being introduced   c. having introduced  d. to have introduced

III.  动名词复合结构

由动名词的逻辑主语即物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词短语构成动名词复合结构，在句中作主语或宾语等，逻辑主语与动名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示有生命的名词，通常用所有格；如果是表示无生命的名词，又不在句首，则直接用通格（即不加’s）。现代英语中有一种趋势，那就是作宾语的动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语用通格或宾语，而不用所有格，对于这一点在学习中应多注意观察。在应试中尽量选用所有格，如果没有所有格逻辑主语，则考虑选用名词的通格与代词宾格。特别是在改错题中，如果没有发现其他错误，应考虑是否有将所有格写作了通格的错误。
1.作主语
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
The metal’s being workable is one of the reasons why it is so widely used in industry.
The teacher’s being right doesn’t necessarily mean the student’s being wrong.
Her lacking in experience worried her a great deal.
2.作宾语
Would you mind my opening the door?
Please excuse my coming late.
We insisted on the design being improved as soon as possible.
They insist on me staying for lunch.
3.作介词宾语
We are looking forward to mother’s coming back.
Do you think there will be any chance of my trying again?
I did know nothing about the window being open.
Prepare everything before our starting to make the test.
4.作表语
Our sole worry is your relying too much on them.
What we felt uneasy was Mary’s having too much confidence n herself.
Example:
The storm delayed ____ Yokohama Harbor.
a. the ship’s leaving  b. the leaving ship   c. the ship leave  d. the ship to leave
I object ____ as he is still too young.
a.to my son’s smoking  b. my son to smoke  c. to my son smoking  d. my son smoking
I was afraid of the tent ____ down during the night.
a. fell  b. fall   c. to fall   d. falling
Would you agree to ____ the operation?
a. Parsons having full control of   b. Parsons control
c. Parson’s having full control of   d. be in Parson’s control of

EXERCISE
 
1.You can’t count on ____ you.
  a. her to helping   b. she helps   c. her helping   d. her could help
2.No one was surprised at _____ the examination.
a. him pass  b. his pass  c. he passing  d. his passing
3.There is no hope of ____.
a. he convinced  b. his to be convinced  c. his being convinced  d. him convincing
4.I don’t remember her ever ____ in the same school.
  a. having worked  b. has worked   c. works   d. worked
5.____ to get there at dawn means we may lose the battle.
  a. Our failing  b. We fail   c. Us failing  d. We failing
6.The possibility of ____ to generate electricity has been realized.
  a. sea water used  b. sea water being used  c. sea water’s   d. sea water’s using
7.It is no good ____like that.
a. to do  b. you to do  c. your doing  d. doing for you
8.We heard about some new types of instruments ____ for searching the ocean floor.
  a. have designed  b. to design   c. having been designed   d. designing
9.You don’t object to ___ you by your first name, do you?
  a. that I call  b. for calling   c. my calling   d. that I am called
10.I would appreciate ___ it a secret.
   a. you to keep   b. that you would keep  c. that you are keeping  d. your keeping
11.I remember ____ me to post these letters, but I don’t remember posting them.
  a. asking for you  b. your asked  c. your asking   d. you to ask
12.I can’t understand ____ at that poor child.
   a. you to laugh  b. your laugh   c. why laugh  d. your laughing
13.____ there won’t make too much difference.
   a. Comrade Wang goes    b. Comrade Wang gone
c. Comrade Wang’s going  d. Comrade Wang to go
14.The experiment can not be carried out because of ____.
a. the equipment is destroyed    b. the equipment to be destroyed
b. the equipment being destroyed  d. the equipment has been destroyed
15.Hsiao Wang insisted on her ____ the hardest work.
   a. assigning  b. assigns   c. being assigned   d. in assigning
16.Let me help you with the work instead of ____ it all by yourself.
   a. your doing  b. my doing  c. you do   d. us doing
17.____ exerted a great influence on my way of thinking.
   a. He teaches  b. His teaching  c. His taught   d. He teaching
18.A height of 8,000 feet is quite safe for ____ in a sailplane.
a. a Channel cross  b. a Channel’s cross  c. a Channel crossing  d. a Channel crossed
19. I learned of your ____ a premium.
a. being  b. having been  c. having awarded  d. having been awarded
20.Was he angry at ____ him?
a. our having disturbed  b. we disturbed  c. us disturbed  d. we having been disturbed

EXERCISE（非谓语动词综合练习）

1.The government is considering ____ a law making it a crime to import any kind of weapon.
  a. passed   b. have passed  c. passing  d. to pass
2.I object to ____ left there.
  a. the car being  b. the car is   c. the car to be   d. the car
3.It took the lawyer several weeks ____ the weaknesses in the witness’s statement.
  a. having searched for  b. to search for   c. searching for   d. in searching
4.Salt can be obtained in various ways besides ____ mines underground.
  a. from taking  b. being taken from  c. taking from   d. taken from
5.The birthday present bought last week is said ____ a large amount of money.
  a. to have cost him   b. to cost him   c. to be cost him  d. having cost him
6.The dying soldier had the message ____ straight to the commander.
  a. to be sent  b. be sent  c. sent   d. being sent
7.Don’t worry, your brother is quite used ____ in such heavy traffic as this.
a. to be driving  b. to have driven  c. to drive  d. to driving
8.Her professor had her ____ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to committee.
  a. rewritten   b. rewrite   c. to rewrite   d. rewriting
9.Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ____ the farmers.
  a. faced  b. faces   c. facing   d. to face
10.Our house needs ____ before the rainy season arrives.
  a. to repair   b. to be repair  c. repaired  d. repairing
11.There seemed little hope that the explorer, ____ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
a. to be deserted  b. having deserted  c. to have been deserted  d. having been deserted
12.____ that he had designed a new device of laser, we soon came to congratulate him on his success.
   a. To have heard  b. Having heard   c. Being heard  d. Having been heard
13.They sailed on for thirty days, _____ at any time to sight land.
a. to expect  b. having expected  c. was expecting  d. expecting
14.When I went to see him, he happened _____ on the bed.
a. to lay  b. to be lying  c. to lie  d. to have laid
15. “How about going sailing with us tomorrow?” “____ very much.”
   a. I’ll like  b. I’d like   c. I’d like to   d. I’ll like it
16.A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ____ to do so with the help of a reflecting
device.
   a. made   b. make   c. making   d. was made
17.The workpiece ____too hard, the cutting tool can’t work efficiently.
   a. having been   b. been   c. is    d. being
18.I’d like you ____ us a lecture on atomic energy.
   a. gave  b. will give   c. to give   d. to giving
19.If you wave your hands in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
   a. moved   b. moves   c. moving  d. to move
20.I haven’t decided which hotel ____.
   a. to stay  b. is to stay at   c. to stay at   d. is for staying
21.We know that ____ polluted water is very dangerous.
   a. drink  b. drinking  c. for drinking    d. drunk
22.The sun is known ____ the most important source of energy.
   a. to have been  b. has been  c. being   d. to be
23.The city is said ____ into an industrial center.
   a. to develop  b. to have developed   c. that has developed  d. that is developed
24.Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ____.
  a. taken  b. taking   c. to take   d. take
25.When I returned home, I found the window open and something.
   a. to steal  b. stealing  c. stolen   d. missed
26.____ radios, even spacemen traveling in space are able to talk with people on the earth.
   a. Use  b. Used   c. Using   d. To use
27.It is important ____ a good command of a foreign language.
   a. for us have  b. for an engineer to have  c. we have   d. to have for an engineer
28.The musicians sat in the bus, each ____.
a. held the instrument  b. holding their instruments
c. hold the instrument   d. holding his instrument
29.We suggested ____ the meeting until next Friday.
   a. to put  b. putting  c. putting off   d. being put off
30.____ spacecraft, the earth looks wonderful.
   a. Seen from   b. Looked at    c. Seeing from   d. Looking at
31.I was almost asleep when I heard someone ____ at the door.
   a. knock   b. to knock   c. knocked    d. being knocked
32.I often spent much money ____ books.
   a. to buy   b. buying  c. on buying   d. for buying
33.____ the energy shortage problem, scientists all over the world are busying trying to find ways to cope with it.
   a. Facing with  b. Faced with   c. Facing by   d. Being face by
34.It’s advisable ____ twice before accepting that offer.
   a. for your thinking  b. of you to think  c. of your thinking   d. for you to think
35.Once ____ of the necessity of a move, he worked hard to find a new home.
   a. convinced   b. to be convinced   c. convincing   d. having convinced
36.I persuaded her ____ on the thin ice but she wouldn’t listen to me.
   a. walking  b. not walking   c. not to walk   d. not walk
37.Anything ____ should be returned to the owner.
  a. borrow   b. borrowing   c. borrowed   d. is borrowed
38.____ in the fog, we were compelled to spend two hours in the forest.
   a. To lose   b. Losing   c. Having lost   d. Lost
39.I can’t start the old car which my father bought ten years ago. The car needs ____.
   a. repaired  b. be repaired   c. to  repair   d. repairing
40.It is no use ____ about it, because he will never agree with us.
   a. to argue  b. argue   c. arguing   d. for arguing

答案：
I.   1.B  2.D 3.A  4.D  5.B 6.C  7.C 8.C  9.A 10.D
11.B 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.C 16. A 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.B
21.C 22.C 23.C 24.C 25.B 26.B 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.D
31.C 32.D 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.A
II.  1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6. C 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.C
11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.C 16. C 17.C 18.B 19.D 20.B
III.  1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6. B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.D
11.C12.D 13.C 14.C 15.C 16. A 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.A
综合练习答案：
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6. C 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.D
11.D 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16. A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.C
21.B 22.D 23.B 24.A 25.C 26. C 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.A
31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.A 36. C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.C