句子成分

定义: 构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

 

一、主语

（一）主语是一个句子叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be 结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面。

（二）表现形式

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

1.名词

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.

2.代词

We often speak English in class.

Who is the man standing over there?

3.数词

One third of the students in this class are girls.

Two times five is ten.

4.不定式

To swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure.

To master a foreign language is necessary.

5.动名词

Smoking does harm to the health.

Playing football in the street is dangerous.

6.名词化的形容词

The rich should help the poor.

In new China the old are living a happy life.

7.从句

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.

Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.

8.it 作形式主语

It is necessary to master a foreign language.

It is dangerous playing with fire.

Ti is a pity that he can’t swim.

二、谓语

（一）定义

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

（二）构成

1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

He practices running every morning.

Yesterday afternoon he reached Beijing.

She takes good care of her sick mother.

He has got rid of his bad habit.

2.复合谓语

（1）由情态动词或其它助动词加动词原形构成

You may keep the book for two weeks.

You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.

He has caught a bad cold. He has to go to see a doctor.

She doesn’t seem to like dancing.

We are going to call on him tonight.

（2）由系动词加表语构成

We are students.

He looked a bit excited.

三、宾语

（一）定义

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。

（二）表现形式

1.名词

They went to see an exhibition yesterday.

He is going to buy a dictionary.

2.代词

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

We should learn from him.

3.数词

—How many dictionaries do you have?

—I have five.

4.名词化的形容词或分词

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately.

5.不定式（短语）

He pretended not to see me.

She didn’t know what to do next.

6.动名词

I enjoy listening to popular music.

He practices speaking English every day.

7.从句

I think (that) he is fit for his office.

He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.

(三)宾语的种类

1.直接宾语 (承受者或结果)

Lend me your dictionary.

Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the railway station?

2.间接宾语（人）

The company sent us a few computers last year.

He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.

3.复合宾语

They helped me with my English.

I find it easy to answer this question.

4.介词宾语

In our school about three fourths of the students are from the north.

四、定语

（一）定义

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

（二）表现形式

1.形容词

Guilin is a beautiful city.

A bright future shines before our eyes.

2.分词（短语）

China is a developing country; while America is a developed country.

Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?

This is the bridge built last year.

3.名词

There are thirty women teachers in our school.

They are going to put a wall newspaper next week.

4.代词

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

Do you know the students whose English pronunciation is the best n your class?

5.数词

More than thirty students in our class have read the book.

The teacher asked the students to copy the third paragraph of the text.

6.名词所有格

You should follow the doctor’s advice and do more exercise.

Mary’s parents have gone abroad.

7.不定式

Ore monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

I can’t go with you. I still have a lot of work to do.

8.动名词

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

You mustn’t take the magazine out the reading room.

9.介词短语

He is reading an article about how to learn English.

Who is the girl in red?

10.副词（多位于被修饰词之后）

A noise outside made him turn around.

The man in the room below is friendly.

11.从句

There is nothing that worries him.

I will remember the day when I first met you.

五、状语

（一）定义

修饰动词、形容词、副词、或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫状语。

（二）表现形式

1.副词及副词性词组

Light travels most quickly.

Factories and buildings are seen here and there.

2.介词短语

He has lived in the city for ten years.

In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work.

3.不定式

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinations.

4.分词

He is in the room making a model plane.

Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well.

5. 名词

Wait a minute.

Would you please come this way?

The road is 50 kilometers long and 10 meters wide.

6.从句

Once you begin, you must continue.

It is very difficult to live where there is little water.

I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.

(三)种类

1.时间状语

How about meeting at 6:00?

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.

2.原因状语

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.

Since you are very busy, I won’t trouble you.

3.条件状语

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.

As/ So long as you work hard, you can make rapid progress in English.

4.地点状语

Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.

Where there is water, there is life.

5.方式状语

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.

He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.

6.伴随状语

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.

7.目的状语

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

I went there to see a friend of mine.

Bring it closer so that I may see it better.

8.结果状语

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him.

9.让步状语

She works very hard though she is old.

No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.

10程度状语

They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.

I quite agree with you.

11.比较状语

I am taller than he is.

The more I speak English, the better I’ll be.

 

六、宾补

（一）定义

英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子意义完整。这类动词有：make, consider(认为), cause, see, find call, get, have, let, etc.

Electricity can make a machine run.

We consider/ think the answer (to be) correct.

What he said made me very angry.

(二)表现形式

1.用名词（或名词性物主代词）

His father named him Dongming.

We consider Mr. Zhang an excellent teacher.

2.用形容词及短语

They painted their boat white.

We believed the report untrue.

I saw him young and strong, and now he is old and worn.

3.用不定式及短语

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

Nobody noticed him enter the room. （省to ）

4.用现在分词及其短语

We saw her entering the room.

I heard her singing an English song.

5.用过去分词及其短语

They found Guilin greatly changed.

At that time we were there and saw it done.

6.用as引出

We take English as a useful tool for research work.

I look upon him as my teacher.

7.用介词短语

We found everything in the laboratory in good order.

Whenever you may go, you will find him at work.

8.用副词

Let the fresh air in.

9.用从句表示

We will soon make our city what your city is now.

The plant has its own name. You can’t call it what you will.

They thought it right to do this test.

We all think our duty that we should support him.

We find it necessary to master a foreign language.

 

七、表语

（一）定义

表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem）之后。

（二）表现形式

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词、及表语从句。

1.名词

Our teacher of English is an American.

He is astronaut.

2.代词

Is it yours?

That’s all I want to tell you.

3.形容词

The weather has turned cold.

Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.

4.分词

The speech is exciting.

The teacher was satisfied with my spoken English.

5.数词

Three times seven is twenty-one.

He is always the first to enter the office.

6.不定式

His job is to teach English.

Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.

7.动名词

This hobby is playing football.

My wish is studying law in a university.

8.介词短语

The machine must be out of order.

He is against our plan.

9.副词

Time is up. The class is over.

My father isn’t in. He is out.

10.表语从句

The truth is that he has never been abroad.

What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.

 

八、同位语

（一）定义

同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词或代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语可以说是一种定语。

（二）表现形式

1.名词

We young people should respect the old.

2.代词

He himself will do the experiment.

3.数词

He is the oldest among them four.

4.从句

He told me the news that the space shuttle Columbia had exploded.

5.由such as, that is 引导

Some subjects, such as physics and biology, are very difficult to learn.

6.由of引导

The city of Guilin has been greatly changed since 2001.

7.由or 引导

The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.

 

 

简单句

一、定义

只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。

He learns German.

Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

We sang and danced yesterday evening.

My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven.

Open the door .

二、分类

（一）根据句子的基本结构，简单句可分为5种基本句型

1. S + V系 + P

The weather is very cold.

She felt happy.

Please keep silent.

My father is a physics teacher.

The river looks especially beautiful in the early morning.

2. S + Vi

Winter is coming.

His father has gone abroad.

The baby is crying in the next room

He works in a big company.

We have lived in the city for ten years.

3. S + V + O

I like pop music.

She knows what to do next.

I usually do my homework at home in the evening.

He began learning English ten years ago.

He has decided to work harder at English.

4. S + Vt + O1 + O2

He teaches us chemistry.

Please tell me your telephone number.

Father bought me a new bicycle.

The father bought me a new bicycle.

The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

This gave us great encouragement.

5. S + Vt + O + C

They won’t let me go.

We must keep the room clean.

When he came in, he found the old man dead.

He likes to watch the boys playing football.

Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.

(二)根据句子目的，简单句可分为以下4种句型

1.陈述句

（1）基本结构：S + V + …

The earth turns around the sun.

He often speaks English.

There is not a developed country. (倒装)

Hardly had the plane landed when the people ran towards it.（倒装）

（2）否定结构：

① S + V （be/ 情态动词/助动词/have + not ）

China is not a developed country.

He has not finished the experiment.

He will not come to the party because of his illness.

② S + do/ does/ did + not + V原形

He did not go to the cinema last night.

Do not waste your money.

He does not speak French.

注：否定词（never, hardly, scarcely, neither, nor, no, none, nothing, nobody）构成的句子无须加not.

I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.

We could hardly/ scarcely understand his English.

None of the answers is/ are correct.

Nothing will prevent him from carrying out the plan.

2.疑问句

用来提出疑问，句末用？。语序一般都部分倒装。

（1）一般疑问句

Are you in Senior Grade One?

Is there anybody in the room?

Does he speak English?

Have you considered our plan?

*---Haven’t you considered our plan?

 ---Yes, I have. (不，我去过)

 ---No, I haven’t.

回答：除了可以用yes之外，还可以用下列同义词：certainly, of course, please do, with pleasure, if you please, quite so, exactly, quite right, I think so, if you like, by all means.

（2）特殊疑问句

What is the reason for your being late?

Where are you going?

How long have you learned English?

Who has read the book?

Which English books were bought by you yesterday?

*How many English novels did she say she had read?

*What do you think should be done first?

*When we’ll leave for Beijing has not been decided yet.

*I wonder why he failed in the physics exam.

*That was how they won the football match.

（3）选择疑问句

句型结构和一般疑问句相同，只是句中用连词or 提供两个或更多选择方案。

Are you doing this exercise or that one?

Will you go out or stay here?

Do you work in Beijing or Shijiazhuang?

（4）反意疑问句

提问者首先提出情况或看法，然后问对方是否同意。在句子结构上：前部分为陈述句，后部分为前面部分的简短问句。如果前部分是肯定句，后部分简短问句则为否定式；如果前部分为否定句，后面简短问句则为肯定式。

注意：反意疑问句的14种特殊句型：

1）祈使句+疑问部分，will/won’t/would/can/can’t/could + you?

Pass me the dictionary, will/ would you?

Don’t do that again, will you?

Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

Le us do it by ourselves, will you?

Let me have a look at your photo, will you?

Let him speak first, will you?

2) must的特殊情况

I must hand in my exercise book now, mustn’t I / needn’t I ?

You mustn’t take the magazine out of the reading room, must you?

He must be your English teacher, isn’t he?

The professor must be working in the laboratory, isn’t he?

Chinese must have largest number of speakers, doesn’t it?

You must have been there before, haven’t you?

He must have read the book yesterday, didn’t he?

3）当陈述部分的主语为nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语用it；当陈述部分的主语是nobody, somebody, none, someone, no one, anyone, anybody, everybody等不定代词时，反意部分的主语用they或he.。

Nothing could prevent him from going there, could it?

Somebody took my umbrella away yesterday, didn’t they/ he?

4) 当陈述部分带有that从句作宾语时，反意疑问部分应与主句部分的谓语一致。陈述部分是I think, I suppose, I believe时，反意疑问部分应与that 从句的主语和谓语一致。

He said his father had been sent to hospital, didn’t he?

I think he’ll come to help us with our work, won’t he?

I believe you have met each other before, haven’t you?

I suppose they are waiting for us now, aren’t they?

5)在英语口语中，由neither…nor, neither of 来连接主语时，反意疑问部分的主语用they.

Neither of them knew his address, did they?

6) 如果陈述部分是I am…,反意疑问部分用aren’t I.

I’m late, aren’t I?

7)当陈述部分是感叹句时，反意部分用否定形式，主语与感叹句的主语一致。

What a fine day today, isn’t it?

8)当陈述部分有wish时，反意疑问部分助动词用may.

I wish to use your dictionary, may I?

9)当陈述部分含有you’d better, you’d like to时，反意疑问部分分别用hadn’t you, wouldn’t you.

You’d better take his advice, hadn’t you?

You’d like to go to the party, wouldn’t you?

10)当陈述部分有have to时，反意疑问部分助动词应根据have的变化，分别用don’t, doesn’t, didn’t.

I have to take this medicine, don’t I?

11)当陈述部分是there be 句型时，反意疑问部分用be there.

There is something wrong with the machine, isn’t there?

There is no time left, is there?

12)当陈述部分有seldom, hardly, scarcely, no, never, rarely, few, little, nobody, nowhere等否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定式。

He hardly speaks English, does he?

She seldom lends her money to others, does she?

13)当陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式、动名词或词组时，反意疑问部分的主语通常用it.

What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

To master a foreign language isn’t easy, is it?

Swimming in rivers is a good sport, isn’t it?

14)如果陈述部分有un-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, 等否定前缀构成的派生词时，该陈述句部分仍作肯定处理，疑问部分用否定形式。

He dislikes chicken, doesn’t he?

3.祈使句

祈使句用来提出请求、命令等， 它的谓语动词用原形，否定形式在动词原形前加don’t (=do not), 主语you 常省略。

Be careful!

Don’t be late for school!

Remember me to your parents, please!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

May you succeed!

Let’s help the blind walk across the road!

Don’t let him say that!

4.感叹句

感叹句用来表示强烈的感情，常用what和how引导强调部分并放在句首。

What a tall building (it is)!

How tall the building is!

How beautifully she is dancing!

What a mistake (it is) to have refused his invitation!

How time flies!

 

主谓一致

一、定义

由于动词有许动不同的形式和功能，因此动词在应中是最为复杂的词类。我们在说每一个句子时不仅要考虑谓语要用适当的时态、语态，还要注意谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语一致。

二、三原则

（一）语法一致原则

The number of errors was surprising.

We love our motherland.

The girl has found her mother.

（二）意义一致原则

The crowd were fighting for their lives.

Three years in a strange land seems like a long time.

（三）就近一致原则

Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there.

Either my wife or I am going to work there.

No one except his own supporters agree with him.

三、主谓一致的13种情况

（一）两个作主语用的名词或代词由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接，谓语人称和数就近一致（与后一个名词或代词）

Either he or I am wrong.

Neither the students nor the teacher know anything about it.

Not only the students but (also) the teacher is active in sports and games.

（二）主语是单数，而后面跟有as well as, with, together with, like, but, except 等短语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。

She as well as the other students has learned how to type.

Our school, with some few schools, was built in the 1950s.

A professor, together with some students, was moved into a new laboratory.

Nobody but the students is in the classroom.

（三）作主语的集体名词作为一个集体时，谓语动词用单数，若就其中的各个成员来考虑，谓语动词用复数。

The committee was made up of ten members.

The committee were in the hall.

My family enjoy sports and games.

My family has moved into the new house.

（四）表示数目、时间、金额的名词复数做主语时，位于动词用单数形式。

Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment.

Ten dollar is too cheap for this pair of shoes.

（五）两个或两个以上的并列主语由and 连接时，如果表示不同概念时，谓语动词用复数，如果表示同一个概念，谓语动词用单数。

Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers.

The singer ad dancer comes from England.

（六）each, either, neither或由some, any, any, no, every构成的合成词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Each of us has read the book.

Neither of them is interested in English.

Either of the stories is interesting.

Somebody is waiting for you at the gate of the school.

Nobody wants to go there.

（七）none 作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数。

None knows / know a great deal about this experiment.

None has / have been found

（八）代词what, who, which, any, all, most, more,等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数主要由它们所替代的意义来决定。

What is wrong with you?

There are some books on the desk. What are the names of them?

He who laughs the last laughs the best.

All of the students have seen the film.

All that glitters is not gold.

（九）people, police, cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

The people in the city are very friendly.

The police are searching for the murderer.

The cattle are grazing (吃草) near the river.

（十）用 “every, each, no 或many a + 单数可数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用单数，而 “a great many (或a great number of 等) + 复数可数名词时，谓语动词则用复数。

Every man and woman attends the meeting.

Many a student and teacher is watching the football match.

A great deal of our time was spent on this test.

A great many people have moved into new houses.

（十一）有些名词只有复数形式，可根据谓语单复数来判别其主语所表示的事物的实际单复数。

The steel works was built in the 1990s.

The steel works the country produce more steel than those in that country.

（十二） “there be + 并列主语” here be + 并列主语” 结构中的谓语形式，一般应与并列主语中的第一个主语的数一致。（就近一致）

Here is a pen and two books on the desk.

At that time there was only a teacher and a student in the room.

There are some books and a pen on the desk.

（十三）“the + 形容词/-ed”这一表一类人的结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

The injured have been taken to hospital.

The young are required to respect the old.

The good in him outweighs the bad.

四、高考中应注意的几个问题

（一）“one of + 复数名词 + who/ that/ which 分句”结构中的主谓一致问题

David is one of those people who have trouble making up their minds.

This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.

Sarah was the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.

(二) what-分句做主谓一致问题

在大多情况下，由what-引导的名词性分句做主语时，其后的谓语动词应按语法一直的原则，采取单数形式。

What is needed is acts.

然而，在下列情况下，以what 分句为主语的谓语动词也可用复数形式：

（1）what they want are promises.

（2）what appear to be large windows in the second storey are glass heat collector.

（3）what I say and think are  no business of yours.

 (4) 以下名词性分句或非谓语动词作主语时，谓语动词用单数

That they were wrong in this matter is now clear to us all.

To talk to him in English is my greatest pleasure.

Playing with fire is dangerous.