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也谈“主动式表示被动意义的三种形式”

(2011-08-27 23:14:13)
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杂谈

此文发表于全国辅导高考、研究考试的权威期刊《考试》(高考版)2004年第11

 

也谈“主动式表示被动意义的三种形式”

                                                           

    英语动词按语态可分为主动语态和被动语态,在某些场合中动词的主动形式可以表示

被动意义,这一类动词许多文章都已谈论过。本文与读者探讨在语义上非动词形式的其它

词性也可以用主动形式表示被动意义,起着相当于动词被动语态的作用。

一、             形容词表示被动意义

(一)  -able-ible结尾的形容词大多数具有被动意义。例如:

         1forgettable=that can be forgotten(易被忘记的)

            The professor’s lesson is never forgettable.那位教授的课令人难忘。

         2respectable(值得尊敬的;应受尊重的)

Mr Wang is a respectable teacher.=Mr Wang is a teacher who is to be respected .

王先生是一位值得尊敬的老师。

         3acceptable=that can be accepted(可以或值得接受的)

This is an agreement that is acceptable by all sides.

这是各方都能接受的一项协议。

         4credible=that can be believed(可信的;可敬的)

It hardly seems credible, seems almost impossible to believe .

它似乎是难以置信的。

         5preferable=that is to be preferred(更可取的)

            The first choice is preferable to the second .第一种选择比第二种选择更可取。

         6punishable=that can be punished(by law) (该处罚的;可惩罚的)

         7visible=that can be seen(看得见的;可见的)

The eclipse will be visible to observers in western Europe.

这次日蚀西欧的观测者可以看得见。

(二)   某些形容词也可以表示被动意义。例如:

 1Orders are  welcome. 欢迎订购。

 2The basket is full of apples.=The basket is filled with apples.篮子里装满了苹果。

 3Lunch is ready.=Lunch is prepared . 午餐准备好了。

4.       English is familiar to her .   (被动意义  英语为她所熟悉。

She is familiar with English . (主动意义  她通晓英语。

5.       Life is very dear to him. 生命对他来说是很宝贵的。

6.       Her work is worthy of praise. 她的工作值得称赞。

二、             名词表示被动意义

由动词后缀-ee构成的名词表示受事者时,常含有被动意义。例如:

He is the only interviewee of that accident. 他是那次事故唯一的被采访者。

=He is the only person who was interviewed about that accident.

这一类名词常见的有:

1detainee=person who is detained(被扣留者)

2draftee=man drafted for military service(被征召的士兵)

3employee=person employed for wages( 受雇者;雇员)

4evacuee=person who is evacuated(被疏散的人员)

5examinee=person who is examined (受审者;受试人)

6nominee=person who is nominated for an office or appointment(被提名者)

7payee=person to whom sth. is (to be) paid (受付人;受款人)

8trainee=person who is trained(受训练的人)

应该注意的是由-ee结尾构成的名词除了表示受事者外,有时又可以表示施事者。例如: escapee(逃亡者), retiree(退休者),conferee(会议参加者),

absentee(缺席者),refugee(避难者)等等。

三、“介词+名词”的短语表示被动意义

   某些介词加上名词后在句中作定语或表语,表示被动意义,起着被动语态的作用。

大多数“介词+名词”的短语中的名词前一般不用冠词,但有时名词前也加上定冠词the

常见的短语如下:

   1.in+名词

   (1)in sight(被见到), in preparation(在准备中),in operation(生效;实施中)

in favour(受欢迎)    in dispute(在争论中) in question (正被谈论的),

    in progress(在进行中;在进展中), in dock(在修理中) in print(在印刷中),

in request(为人们所需要的), in reserve(被留出备用)等等。例如:

a. The train was still in sight.=The train could still be seen.

    火车还看得见。

b. The book is in rapid preparation.=The book is prepared rapidly.

    那本书正在迅速编写。

c. A lot of laws will be in operation in July. 许多部法律将于七月份实施。

    =A lot of laws will be operated in July.

   (2) in the charge of(在…掌管下), in the control of(在…控制下),

in the possession of(为某人所有),例如:

          a.  The library is in the charge of Mr Wang. (被动意义)

Mr Wang is in charge of the library.    (主动意义)

=The library is charged by Mr Wang .

图书馆在王先生掌管下。

          b.  The situation was in the control of him. (被动意义)

He was in control of the situation.     (主动意义)

=The situation was controlled by him .

局势为他所控制。

          c.  The house is in the possession of Kate. (被动意义)

Kate is in possession of the house.    (主动意义)

=The house is possessed by Kate.

那幢房屋为凯特所有。

   2.for+名词

for sale(代售;供出售), for rent(出租), for hire(出租)等等,例如:

Are these machines for sale? =Are these machine to be sold?

这些机器是卖的吗?

   3.on+名词

     on show(展出), on sale(出售), on display(展出), on trial(受审),

on camera(在拍摄中;被摄像), on file(存档;被记录下来备查),

on loan(被暂借的), on suspicion(受到怀疑)等等。例如:

This new kind of car will be on show soon.

=This new kind of car will be showed soon.

这种新型车不久将要展出。

   4.out of+名词

out of control(不受控制),  out of court(不被听审的;不值一顾的),

out of sight(在视程之外),out of one’s reach(够不着), out of store(耗尽;售完), out of favour(不受某人的欢迎),out of print(书等已售完的)等等。例如:

    The plane got out of control and crashed .

=The plane could not be controlled and crashed.

飞机失去控制坠毁了。

   5.under+名词

under control(被控制住), under repair(在修理中), under construction(在施工中),

under discussion(在讨论中),under arms在备战状态中),under debate(在辩论中),

under correction(有待改正), under consideration(在考虑中), under fire

(遭炮火袭击;受到攻击) under orders(奉命做某事),

under pressure(在强制下;被迫)等等。例如:

     a.The fire was soon under control.=The fire was soon controlled. 

火势很快被控制住了。

         b.The road in front of our school is_______and is closed to the motor traffic.

           A.repairing  B.being repair  C.repaired   D.under repair

           答案为D,根据题意under repair=is being repaired

   6.within+名词

    within one’s grasp(为某人所抓得到的;为某人所能理解的),

within sight(看得见的),within one’s reach(够得着的)等等。例如:

    Success is within our grasp now. =Success can be grasped by us now.

现在成功已经在望。

 

参考书目:

1.《新英汉词典》(世纪版),上海译文出版社,20007

2.王金洛:《“介词+名词”结构表示被动含义》,《 中小学英语教学与研究》2004年第2

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