也谈“主动式表示被动意义的三种形式”
(2011-08-27 23:14:13)
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此文发表于全国辅导高考、研究考试的权威期刊《考试》(高考版)2004年第11期
也谈“主动式表示被动意义的三种形式”
被动意义,这一类动词许多文章都已谈论过。本文与读者探讨在语义上非动词形式的其它
词性也可以用主动形式表示被动意义,起着相当于动词被动语态的作用。
一、
(一)
Mr Wang is a respectable teacher.=Mr Wang is a teacher who is to be respected .
王先生是一位值得尊敬的老师。
This is an agreement that is acceptable by all sides.
这是各方都能接受的一项协议。
It hardly seems credible, seems almost impossible to believe .
它似乎是难以置信的。
The eclipse will be visible to observers in western Europe.
这次日蚀西欧的观测者可以看得见。
(二)
4.
She is familiar with English .
(主动意义)
5.
6.
二、
由动词后缀-ee构成的名词表示受事者时,常含有被动意义。例如:
He is the only interviewee of that accident. 他是那次事故唯一的被采访者。
=He is the only person who was interviewed about that accident.
这一类名词常见的有:
(1)detainee=person who is detained(被扣留者)
(2)draftee=man drafted for military service(被征召的士兵)
(3)employee=person employed for wages( 受雇者;雇员)
(4)evacuee=person who is evacuated(被疏散的人员)
(5)examinee=person who is examined (受审者;受试人)
(6)nominee=person who is nominated for an office or appointment(被提名者)
(7)payee=person to whom sth. is (to be) paid (受付人;受款人)
(8)trainee=person who is trained(受训练的人)
应该注意的是由-ee结尾构成的名词除了表示受事者外,有时又可以表示施事者。例如: escapee(逃亡者), retiree(退休者),conferee(会议参加者),
absentee(缺席者),refugee(避难者)等等。
三、“介词+名词”的短语表示被动意义
大多数“介词+名词”的短语中的名词前一般不用冠词,但有时名词前也加上定冠词the,
常见的短语如下:
in favour(受欢迎) ,
in request(为人们所需要的), in reserve(被留出备用)等等。例如:
a. The train was still in sight.=The train could still be seen.
b. The book is in rapid preparation.=The book is prepared rapidly.
c. A lot of laws will be in operation in July. 许多部法律将于七月份实施。
in the possession of(为某人所有),例如:
Mr Wang is in charge of the
library.
=The library is charged by Mr Wang .
图书馆在王先生掌管下。
He was in control of the
situation.
=The situation was controlled by him .
局势为他所控制。
Kate is in possession of the
house.
=The house is possessed by Kate.
那幢房屋为凯特所有。
for sale(代售;供出售), for rent(出租), for hire(出租)等等,例如:
Are these machines for sale? =Are these machine to be sold?
这些机器是卖的吗?
on camera(在拍摄中;被摄像), on file(存档;被记录下来备查),
on loan(被暂借的), on suspicion(受到怀疑)等等。例如:
This new kind of car will be on show soon.
=This new kind of car will be showed soon.
这种新型车不久将要展出。
out of
control(不受控制),
out of sight(在视程之外),out of one’s reach(够不着), out of store(耗尽;售完), out of favour(不受某人的欢迎),out of print(书等已售完的)等等。例如:
=The plane could not be controlled and crashed.
飞机失去控制坠毁了。
under control(被控制住), under repair(在修理中), under construction(在施工中),
under discussion(在讨论中),under arms在备战状态中),under debate(在辩论中),
under correction(有待改正), under consideration(在考虑中), under fire
(遭炮火袭击;受到攻击),
under pressure(在强制下;被迫)等等。例如:
火势很快被控制住了。
within sight(看得见的),within one’s reach(够得着的)等等。例如:
现在成功已经在望。
参考书目:
1.《新英汉词典》(世纪版),上海译文出版社,2000年7月
2.王金洛:《“介词+名词”结构表示被动含义》,《 中小学英语教学与研究》2004年第2期