Learning Paradox
Call it the "learning paradox"(学习悖论y);the more you struggle and even fail while you're trying to learn new information, the better you're likely to recall(召回;回忆P236) and apply that information later.
The learning paradox is at the heart of "productive failure(有价值的失败y)," a phenomenon identified(鉴定;等同于P155) by researcher Manu Kapur. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive(直觉P137) sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, it’s better to let the learners wrestle (较劲;摔跤P309)with the material on their own for a while, refraining(克制、节制P240) from giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published recently, Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical(数学的y) problem solving in three schools.
With one group of students, the teacher provided strong "scaffolding"—instructional(有帮助的、起作用的P169) support- and feedback. With the teacher's help, these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems(一组、一套、一副y). Meanwhile, a second group was directed to solve the same problems by collaborating with one another, without any prompts(v促使;a立即的;n提示y) from their instructor(指导、教育P169). These students weren’t able to complete the problems correctly. But in the course of(在过程中y) trying to do so, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature(自然;本性y) of the problems and about what potential(潜在的;潜能、潜力y) solutions would look like. And when the two groups were tested on what they’d learned, the second group “significantly outperformed(胜过、做得比…好y)” the first.
The apparent struggles of the floundering(挣扎y) group have what Kapur calls a "hidden efficacy(功效y)": they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems, not simply their correct solutions. When these students encounter(遭遇P115) a new problem of the same type on a test, they’re able to transfer the knowledge they've gathered more effectively than those who were the passive(被动的、消极的P211) recipients(接收者;容器P236) of someone else’s expertise(专门知识、技能P126).
In the real world, problems rarely(很少的、难得、不常P235) come neatly packaged(n包裹;v打包P210), so being able to discern(识别、觉察P100) their deep structure is key. But, Kapur notes, none of us like to fail, no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise(赞扬、称赞y) the beneficial effects(影响;效果y) of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and burns(坠落;烧伤y). So we need to “design for productive failure" by building it into the learning process(过程;加工P227), Kapur has identified three conditions that promote(促进;提高;推销P229) this kind of beneficial struggle. First, choose problems to work on that "challenge but do not frustrate(挫败y).” Second, provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate(详尽的;详细制定、详述P111) on what they’re doing. Third, give learners the chance to compare and contrast(比较和对比y) good and bad solutions to the problems. And to those students who protest(抗议、反对P230) this tough-love teaching style: you'll thank me later.
Vocabulary
learning paradox"(学习悖论y)
recall(召回;回忆P236)
productive failure(有价值的失败y)
identify(鉴定;等同于P155)
intuitive(直觉P137)
wrestle (较劲;摔跤P309)
refrain(克制、节制P240)
mathematical(数学的y)
instructional(有帮助的、起作用的P169)
a set of …(一组、一套、一副y)
prompt(v促使;a立即的;n提示y)
instructor(指导、教育P169)
in the course of…(在过程中y)
nature(自然;本性y)
potential(潜在的;潜能、潜力y)
outperform(胜过、做得比…好y)
flounder(挣扎y)
efficacy(功效y)
encounter(遭遇P115)
passive(被动的、消极的P211)
recipient(接收者;容器P236)
expertise(专门知识、技能P126).
rarely(很少的、难得、不常P235)
package(n包裹;v打包P210),
discern(识别、觉察P100)
praise(赞扬、称赞y)
effect(影响;效果y)
crashes and burns(坠落;烧伤y)
process(过程;加工P227)
promote(促进;提高;推销P229)
frustrate(挫败y)
elaborate(详尽的;详细制定、详述P111)
compare and contrast(比较和对比y)
protest(抗议、反对P230)
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