动词Ving形式的用法

                                   丹阳五中    胡振

Ving形式作定语   

　　分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：

　The man standing by the window is our teacher.

　Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.

Ving作定语主要表示动作和用途。

1. 表示动作（主动的、进行的动作）。

　　a waiting car = the car that is waiting

　　a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子　　

　　The girl standing there is my sister.

　　站在那儿的女孩是我的姐妹。

[注意]现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：

　　The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了打破窗户的学生。

2. 表示用途：

　　the waiting room = the room for waiting 候车室

　　a working method 工作方法

　　He has a reading room. 他有一个书房。

　　【比较】

　　过去分词作定语：

　　及物动词的过去分词表示被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示动作完成。

例如：

　　That is the book written by Lu Xun.

那是鲁迅写的书。

　　He is a returned student. 他是一个归国的留学生。

不定式作定语：

用不定式作定语，其经常所修饰的名词、代词有：

　　meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing... 例如：

　　We have no time to lose.

　　我们没有时间（可以浪费）了。

　　That’s the plan to build the factory.

　　那就是建那座工厂的计划。

　(二)Ving形式作宾语补足语

　　1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等动词后常用Ving形式作宾语补足语。

　　例如：

　　1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那个老板让工人整夜地工作。

2) We found the old lady lying in bed. 我们发现那老太太躺在床上。　　2. 在感官动词：see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役动词：have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作宾语补足语。不定式（不带to）表示过程或动作完成，Ving形式强调进行或当时情景。例如：

I saw the lady crossing the street.

　　我看见那位妇人在过马路。

　　We heard her sing two songs.

　　我们听她唱了两首歌。  

　　(三)Ving形式作主语

　　Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语。

　　Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

　　It is no use arguing with him.和他争论没有用。

　　Ving形式作主语常用于下列句型：

　　【句型1】

　　It is + 名词（或形容词） + 动名词

       It is + no use/no good / a waste of time /so nice +doing that.

　　例如：

　　1) It’s a waste of time waiting here. 在这里等是浪费时间。

　　2) It’s so nice talking to you. 很高兴和你谈话。

　　【句型2】　

　　There is no + 动名词     例如：

　　There is no stopping of him. 无法阻拦他。

　　There was no telling of the difference. 无法加以区别。

　　【注意】

Ving形式和不定式都可以作主语，Ving形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：

　　Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）

　　To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）

但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必须用Ving形式。

Ving形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：

Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘记过去就意味着背叛。

（四）Ving形式作表语

　　Ving形式具有形容词和名词的性质，在句中可作表语。

　　作表语用的Ving形式有两种：一种用作名词，一种用作形容词。用作名词时，说明主语的内容，就此提问时，用what ；用作形容词时，说明主语的特征，用how进行提问。例如：

　　Her favorite job is teaching English.→ What is her favourite job?

　　It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story?

(五)Ving形式作宾语

　　Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作宾语。

　　He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.

　　他很喜欢足球，我喜欢游泳。

　　【注意】

①admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等动词后可以用Ving形式作宾语，但不能用不定式。

②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等动词可带Ving形式或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。试比较

　　I remember doing the exercise. 我记得做过练习。

　　I must remember to do it. 我必须记着做这事。

　　I tried not to go there. 我设法不去那里。

　　I tried doing it again. 我试着又干了一次。

　　Stop speaking.  不要讲话。

　　He stopped to talk. 他停下来讲话。

　　I mean to come early today. 我打算今天来早些。

　　Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。

③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用Ving形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后在跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。例如：

We don’t allow smoking here.

　　We don’t allow students to smoke.

④动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用Ving形式，或不定式的被动式，这时，Ving形式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：

The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).

⑤在短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel  like, get down to等后的动词也必须用Ving形式。例如：

　　I look forward to hearing from you soon.

⑥在love, hate, prefer等动词后用Ving形式或不定式无大的区别。但说话人有所指的时候，通常用不定式。

⑦start, begin, continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。

⑧在should (would) like / love等后须用不定式。 

　　【知识拓展】

　　Ving形式的时态和语态

Ving形式的时态

Ving形式的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果Ving形式的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词以前发生，用Ving形式的一般式。例如：

　　His coming will be of great help to us.

　　如果Ving形式的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用Ving形式的完成时态。例如：

　　I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

Ving形式的语态

主语是这个Ving形式所表示的动作的对象时，Ving形式用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成，后一种一般避免使用。例如：

　　He likes being helped.

　　He was afraid of being left at home.

　　在to be worth doing 句型中，Ving形式doing表示的是被动意义。例如：The book is worth reading.

M5 Unit 2 非谓语动词练习

1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____.

A. to repair bicycles                  B. bicycles to be repaired

C. bicycles being repaired            D. repairing bicycles

2. --- Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?

　--- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.

A. to change; to be          B. to change; being       C. changing; being      D. changing; to be

3. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog.

A. to train properly       B. being trained properly    C. properly to train      D. trained properly

4. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.

 A. Having stolen         B. Having been stolen       C. Stolen                 D. Stealing

5. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door.

A. Seen; painted                      B. Seeing; painted

C. Being seen; being painted         D. Seeing; being painted

6. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.

A. having lost       B. losing              C. to be lost        D. lost

7. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

A. put              B. to be putting         C. to put           D. putting

8. To answer correctly is more important than _____.

A. that you finish quickly      B. finishing quickly    C. to finish quickly           D. finish quickly

9. The old farmer, _____ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.

 A. supporting                  B. having supported     C. being supported by          D. being supported

10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____ a new milestone in the history of mankind.

A. it marked         B. marking      C. marked       D. to mark

11. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road.

A. to be stuck         B. stuck         C. sticking          D. stick

12. You can’t imagine what great trouble they have _____ the problem _____.

A. to solve; being talked about             B. solving; discussing

C. to solve; to talk about                 D. solving; being discussed

13. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.

A. to have discovered                   B. to have been discovered 

C. to discover                           D. having been discovered

14. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot _____ and blood _____ down from his mouth.

A. breaking; running           B. broken; running      C. breaking; run               D. broken; run

15. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _____ on the screen.

A. to fix           B. to be fixed           C. fixed           D. fixing

16. As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then so that I can know how everyone is getting along.

A. having heard               B. to hear           C. hearing                    D. being heard

17. _____, the subject was always in my mind.

A. Walking or sleeping        B. Walking or slept        C. Having walked or slept    D. To walk and sleep

18. --- Did you get a dictionary?    

    --- No, I _____, but there were not any _____.

A. tried; to be left         B. had tried to; leaving    　C. tried to; left            D. had tried; have left

19. When he came to, he found himself _____ on a chair, with his hands _____ back.

A. to sit; tying             B. sitting; tying           C. seating; tied             D. seated; tied

20. The joke told by Tom made us _____, so the teacher couldn’t make himself _____.

A. to laugh; hearing       B. laughing; heard   　C. laughing; hear      D. laughed; heard

21. All of the flowers now _____ here have developed from those once _____ in the forest.

A. raised; grown             B. rising; growing   　C. raised; growing           D. rising; grown

22. Henry can’t attend the party _____ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party _____ at Marie’s house tomorrow.

A. held; being held                        B. to be held; to be held

C. to be held; held                         D. being held; to be held

23. Seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.

A. prepare        B. preparing    C. prepared       D. having prepared

24. Don’t worry. I’ll have it _____ and get someone _____ it to you tomorrow.

A. typed; send              B. to type; to send    　C. type; send               D. typed; to send

25. The sun was shining brightly, _____ everything there _____ more beautiful.

A. making; look            B. to make; looked     C. and made; looking      D. and making; be looked

26. How could he get the plan _____ without any one to support him?

A. to carry out              B. carry out    　C. carrying out              D. carried out

27. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before _____.

A. being fully accepting      B. fully accepting     　C. having fully accepted      D. fully accepted

28. Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _____ off her mind.

A. taking          B. taken        C. take        D. to be taken

29. I’m examining the article he has just finished _____ the possible mistakes in it.

A. being corrected          B. to correct     　    C. corrected                D. having corrected

30. _____ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.

A. We did not make         B. Having not made      C. We had not made     D. Not having made

31. We should prevent such a silly mistake _____ again.

A. occurring                 B. to occur      　     C. to be occurred         D. from being occurred

32. I regret _____ hard at school, or I would have succeeded in passing the exam.

A. not to work              B. having not worked      C. to have not worked     D. not having worked

33. They looked forward with hope _____ a chance to receive further education.

A. for getting               B. of getting           C. to get                    D. to getting

34. “Well, I’ll tell you a secret ...” said the boy, with his mouth almost _____ my ear.

A. touched        B. touching        C. touch         D. to touch

35. Towards evening, the patient opened his mouth as if _____ something to his son.

A. said          B. say          C. to say       D. to have said

36. --- Would you be _____ lend me your bicycle?

     --- Sure.

A. so kind as to           B. kind enough as to        C. very kind to            D. so kind to

37. The beach is so beautiful that it is worthwhile, I think, _____ for a short holiday.

A. of going                  B. to be going        C. your going              D. you to go

38. The teacher asked more _____ to prevent the students’ eyes from being injured.

A. to do                 B. done   　   C. to be done       D. being done

39. Some of the schools in Shanghai have moved one step closer to _____ with the global education community.

A. being connected            B. connect     　C. having connected           D. be connected

40. The performance of the host, _____ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.

A. had intended               B. intended       　C. being intended             D. to intend

41. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.

A. Tiring; to admire          B. Being tired; admiring  　C. Tired; to admire           D. Tired; admiring

42. The 18-storeyed building, when _____, will shut out the sun _____ up the rooms in my house.

A. completed; lighted      B. completing; lighting  　C. completing; lighted      D. completed; lighting

43. --- I hear Warren _____ in a middle school.

    --- What? I can’t imagine him _____ as a teacher.

A. teaches; working           B. teaches; work  　C. teach; to work             D. teach; working

44. _____ he’s only been learning English for a year, he speaks it very well.

A. Considered                 B. Considering  　C. Having considered          D. To consider

45. It was _____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.

A. to have played            B. playing         C. played                    D. having played

46. At no time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, for she is always too busy _____ a good rest.

A. to take        B. taking        C. took       D. taken

47. _____ as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expected, made her parents very happy.

A. Mary was chosen     B. Mary chosen    C. Mary being chosen     D. Mary’s being chosen

48. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ to death.

A. Seeing; frightened          B. Seeing; frightening 　C. Seen; frighten              D. To see; frightening

49. You will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.

A. to be advertised            B. advertised  　C. advertise                   D. advertising

50. Mr. Green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving　the problem when young.

A. to do                      B. to have done        C. to be doing                D. to have been doing