英语关系分句
一、英语关系分句的种类
1、限制性关系分句:主要功能是对先行词起修饰作用,它可以用来修饰,限制主句中的主语,宾语,介词宾语或表语。
1.1修饰主句中的主语。There are
many people
who want to
see you..许多人想见你。
1.2修饰主句中的宾语。Do you
know the man
whom they
invited to
give a report?
1.3修是主句中的介词宾语。We are
fond of the
course professor
Snith give us.
1.4修饰主句中的表语。He is
the best
classmate I
have
cooperated with.
注意:限制性关系分句用于以下场合:
a 无连词关系分句:This
is the
notebook I
write dairy with.
b 先行词前有定冠词或被最高级形容词修饰。The
girl you are
looking for
has left for
Shanghai.
c 先行词被序数词或only等词修饰。He
is always the
last person
who leaves
the classroom.
d 先行词是不定代词something ,anything ,
someone, anyone , one等时。I
can’t tell
you anything
he told me.
e those或泛指人称代词作先行词时。Those
who agreed to
the plan put
up their hands.
f
先行词前有不定冠词或先行词前不用冠词,但先行词是复数形式。People
who live in
this area
have begun to
live a
comfortable life.
g 关系代词as,that ,与such
the same , as
so 等连用时。I
have never
met such a
person as you
described just now.
2、非限制性关系分句:它对先行词不起限制修饰作用,而是对先行词作补充,说明或加以进一步描述。非限制性关系分句的先行词可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语、状语或整个主句。
2.1 先行词是主句的主语。Hangzhou, which
is famous for
it’s West Lake,
will become a
city for tourists.
2.2 先行词是主句的宾语.She studied
English , which is
widely spoken
in the world.
2.3 先行词是主句的表语。That is
my mother , who
works in a
factory.
2.4 先行词是主语中的状语。He was
born in 1949,
when china
was liberated.
2.5 先行词是整个主句。He caught
up with his
class in his
studies within
such a short
period, which pleased
the teacher .
注意:非限制性分句主要用于以下各种场合:
a
先行词是专有名词,专业名词buxuyao任何限制和修饰,只需要加以说明或描述,专有名词后的关系。
b
分局一般是非限制性的。Qingshihuang,who
united the
whole china.
c 先行词是整个句子。He
admired Mrs Smith, which
I found strange.
d 独一无二的普通名词作先行词。His
wife , whom
you met in
the supermarket
is a teacher.
3、关于限制性关系分句与非限制性关系分句的问题。
3.1 非限制性分句前的逗号问题:有时非限制性关系分句和先行词之间没有逗号分隔。
A match
was held at
stilton where
both men
fought for an
hour.在斯蒂尔敦举行了一场比赛,两人在那里赛了一个小时。(1)
3.2 限制性关系分句与非限制性关系分句的语义区别。有时,它们的先行词相同,分句形式也一样,但它们表示的意思完全不同。
My brother ,
who lives in
Birmingham, is
an engineer.我的兄弟是一位工程师,他住在伯明翰。
My brother
who lives in
Birmingham is
an engineer.
我住在伯明翰的兄弟是位工程师。
第一句只有一个兄弟,第二句不止一个兄弟。
二、英语关系分句的关系词
1、关系词的种类和用法
1.1 关系代词 who ,whom, which, that ,whose, as , but,
than等,一般来说,关系代词指人,又在分句中作主格时,关系代词用who,作宾格时用whom.
This is
the student
who majors in
English.
He is the
person whom I
always go to
school.
1.3 关系代词在分句中作分句的表语时,指人用关系代词that,不用which
或who.指物时,关系代词常用which.可以在关系分句中作主格也可以作宾格。
I can’t
find the book
which the
teacher recommended.
1.4 关系代词that可以指物,也可以指人。在关系分句中作主格也可以作宾格。
That was
the matter
that worried
all of us.
This is
the question
that we have
discussed many times.
1.5 as ,but
和than也可以作关系代词,被语法学家称为准关系代词。(quasi-relative
pronoun)
As 作关系代词,常与the
same…as…搭配使用。其中关系代词可以指人也可以指物,在关系分句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语或表语。
注意:
a the same
…as…通常指同一类的人或事物;the same…that…通常指同一个人或事物。
b as还可以跟such
,as 和so 构成such …as…,as… as…和so
…as…,as…as…和so…as…几种结构形式,关系代词as 在分句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语。
Helen is
so good a
girl as
everyone can be.
c but作关系代词用法,表示否定意义,相当于who…not…,that…not…,which…not…,
d 由but
引起的关系分句与主句构成双重否定,but在分句中作主语。There
is nobody but
knows him.
e but 也可以作分句的宾语。There is
not a house
within 5
miles of the
place but
they can tell.
f
如果but坐介词的宾语,介词不能置于but之前。There
is not a
pond within 5
miles of the
place but
they can tell
the taste
of.
g than
作关系代词的用法,than可以在分句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语或表语。They
asked for
more people
than were needed.
h 关系代词than前不能用介词.
2、关系副词的种类和用法。
2.1英语关系副词,指时间的有when,while,before,after,指地点的有where, whence,
指原因的有why, 指时间地点原因的还有whereon, whereby, whereupon, whereat, wherein,
wherefore等,that 有时可做关系副词表时间、地点、原因、方式等,但在此情况下可以被省略。
2.2 修饰指时间的关系分句常以关系副词when 引起。
The time
when we
should start
off will soon
come.
2.3 关系副词when常可以被代替或省略。May 1
was the day
when (on
which/which/that//)he arrived
in Hangzhou.
2.4 除关系副词when可以修饰和说明指时间的词外,while、before、after、有时也可以做关系副词。
It was
raining in
the day
before you came.
2.5 修饰或说明指地点的词,关系分句常用where来引导。
This is
the place
where he was
once lived.
2.6修饰表原因的词,关系分句由关系副词why来引导。
This is
the reason
why I agreed
with her.
2.7 关系副词why也可以被代替或省略。
The reason
he died was
lack of
medical care.
三、关系代词的选择。
1、关系代词who和that区分。
a 关系代词who和that都可以指人。
b who 可以指人、人格化的动物、神话中的人物或有生命的事物。
The bird
who can
imtited human
speech is
called parrot.
c 关系代词在分句中作主语,倾向于用who,作宾语倾向于用that或省略。
The girl
who dances
beautifully gave
us a
performance that day.
d 先行词用泛指代词he、they或指示代词those等时,关系代词用who较多见。
He who
does no work
gets no pay.
e 先行词前出现不定代词、关系代词多用who或者省略。
There is
someone outside
the office(who)
wants to see
you.
f 不定代词one、ones、anyone 等词做先行词时,关系代词多用who.
One who
works without
complaint is
welcome here.
g 关系分句和先行词分隔,用关系代词who.
I saw a
woman in the
street who
was surrounded
by many people.
h 在非限制性关系分句中,一般要用who,不用that。
His father
who is now
a doctor , taught
himself many years.
i
两个关系分句出现在一个句子中时,如果第一个关系代词用that,第二个关系代词宜用who。
The man
that I like
is the one
who is both
competent and diligent.
j 在以疑问代词who开头的句子中,为了避免两个who重复,应用关系代词that。
Who is the
man that is
shouting over
here?
k 关系代词在分句中作表语应用that,不用who。
She is not
the girl that
she was 5
years ago.
m 先行词被最高级形容词及only修饰宜用that。
n 先行词包括人和事时,关系代词用that。
l 关系代词与the
same连用时,只能用that。
2、关系代词that和which的选择。
a that和which都可以指物,很多情况下两者都用。
b 关系分句的先行词是that,关系代词应用which。
That which
he said is
right.
c 先行词和关系分句之间被其他较长的成分分隔,用which较好。
d 一个句子有两个关系分句,第一个用关系代词that,第二个宜用which。
e 在非限制性关系分句中,关系代词一般用which。
f 关系代词前如果出现介词,关系代词宜用which。
It is the
text from
which you can
learn a lot.
g 先行词是all
、anything、everything、nothing。Little等不定代词,用关系代词that。
All that
glitter is
not gold.
h
最高级形容词,序数词和only、any、all、等充当先行词的前置修饰词时,关系代词宜用that。
This is
the most
beautiful place
that I ever
seen.
i
一个句子中含有两个关系分句,如果前一个已用关系代词which,后一个宜用that来引导。
j 由先行主语it引导的复合句的关系分句的关系词用that。
It is the
first step
that will
trouble us a
lot.
k 先行词同时包括人和事时,关系代词用that
m 与the same
连用,构成the same。。。that结构时,关系代词用that。
3、关系代词who和whom的选择。
a who作关系代词在关系分句中作主语,whom做宾格。
b 在非正式英语中,who在分句中作主格也可以做宾格。
c 关系代词前出现介词,只能用whom。
d 在非限制性关系分句中做宾格的关系代词一般只用whom。
e 在正式英语中,whom不能在分句中作主语。
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