加载中…2005年考研阅读Text1 全文翻译，长难句分析，重点词汇解析
(2011-10-10 22:27:28)
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教育考研新东方英语阅读真题周雷 |
分类： 考研英语 |
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A]. posing a contrast.
[B]. justifying an assumption.
[C]. making a comparison.
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重点词汇：
a fat pay rise 涨得很高的工资
vanish
colleague / 5kRli:g/
reputation / 5repju(:)5teiFEn/ （名气，名声，名望）a man of good reputation名誉很好的人Live up to one’s reputation.不负盛名［巧记］re再一，重新+put思考+ation。
slack
outrage
all to human 人所特有的→人性
underling （潜在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人与人之间有内在相似之处 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说内在的主题很严肃［巧记］under（下面）＋ling
assumption /E5sQmpFEn/ （假定；承担；呈现） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。Their assumption that their project under way was something entirely new proved to be untrue.他们以为他们正在进行的课题是崭新的,事实证明不是那样。 ［记］assume（假设）
grievance /5^ri:vEns/
capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一种原产于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），头上有类似风帽的一镞头发
good-natured （和蔼的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情绪性的 sweet-natured 性格温和的
creature（人, 动物, 傀儡, 创造物） She was a poor creature.她曾是个可怜的女人。［巧记］creat（创造）＋ure（尾缀）
tardily
counterpart
candidate
in exchange for （作为[对…的]交换[或替代]）［巧记］exchange=ex出+change换→换出
token
slice
adjoining （毗连的）The twins have adjoining rooms. 双胞胎的房间是挨着的 ［巧记］ad向+join加入，结合+ing行为结果。
chamber（房间, 议院）chamber of the heart 心室 In Britain the upper chamber or parliament is the House of Lords, the lower the House of Commons.英国的上议院或国会是贵族议院,下议院是众议院。
in return
for
markedly （显著的，明显的） a woman of marked intelligence 聪明过人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美国各大学的学费有显著差别，这取决于学校的类别和所得到的捐赠基金 ［巧记］marked（有记号的, 显著的）
luxury
难句分析：
①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。
翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。
②But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
▲本句的主干是a study… Suggests that…其中主语study有两个定语：一个是介词结构by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal…, 另一个是which应导的非限定性定语从句；谓语动词suggests后面的that 引导一个宾语从句。
③However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
▲本句是一个复合句，开始是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含so that 应导的目的状语从句，而observe后面又是what应导的宾语从句；最后是主句their behavior become
markedly different。
翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
④And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .
▲本句是一个复合句，开始是if 引导的条件状语从句，第一个逗号之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token…or refused to…，其中包含两个并列的谓语，tossed 和refused。
△本句的难点是找到主句的三个并列谓语，并判断出第二个谓语tossed被省略。
⑤However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
▲本句的主语很复杂，由whether…or (是…还是..)结构充当，其中whether…引导一个名词性从句，or…后面也是一个名词性从句，而且这一从句的宾语ancestor后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰ancestor;谓语由系动词(is)+表语(an unanswered question)构成。As it 是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。注意：本句的主语由两个从句充当。
△这种“头重脚轻”的句子在学术文章中很常见，阅读时应该迅速把握主干，进而再理解复杂的主语成分。插入语可先跳过不看。
试题解析：
这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。
21题 [C] 难度0.246
考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。关于contrast和compare，两者的词性不同。contrast多用来进行对比，即不同事物之间的比较。而compare多用于类比，即同类事物之间的比较。
A选项 posing a contrast意思是提出一个对比，但是请注意，提出不代表对这个对比做出分析。而原文第一段明显是对人和猴子这个对比做出了分析，因此应该是making a comparison，即对一个对比做出了分析。post仅仅是“提出”的意思，而原文中作者是通过做具体的对比而得出结论，所以，“make”这个词应该更准确。而且，参考上面所说的contrast和compare的区别，更应该选择C选项。
22题 [B] 难度0.368 区分度.0.351
也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平。
C选项monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other的意思是猴子也和人一样嫉妒彼此。但是从文章看出，中心思想是讨论猴子对于公平的敏感性，因此C选项只是陈述了其中的一个现象而已，而不是体现了中心思想。文章中只提到了对于不公平所产生的愤怒感，但这个和嫉妒是 两码事。这种题属于用小范围替代大范围的干扰项。
D
23题 [A] 难度0.383 区分度.0.437
这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第二段末和第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。
24题[C] 难度0.805 区分度.0.470
他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话。
B选项can be taught to exchange things是说猴子能被训练得交换东西，这个就是太表面的意思了，但是和文章主题基本没关系嘛，文章的主题一定要把握好。
D选项are unhappy when separated from others说的是当她们被分开时会不高兴，但是原文中可以看出，不高兴是因为她们看到另外的猴子得到了更好的东西，而不是因为被分开。猴子哪里会这么怕孤单J
25题[B] 难度0.584 区分度.0.327
这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。
A选项 Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions意思与文章的中心思想不符。文章是想说明猴子对于公平的敏感性，而不是猴子能被训练具有社会性的情感。而且这个选项在原文中也没有依据，所谓的社会性情感原文没有提及。你从最后一段的 as yet, an unanswered question可看出，刚好和B选项的an uncertain source想对应。这种题要注意一定要找到有原文依据的选项。而且social emotions是猴子天生就有的，谈不上delevop这个词。
C选项Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do的意思是动物经常像人类一样的公开表露感情。但是文章最后一段并没有讲这个问题，而是在强调动物对于公平的敏感性。C选项本身没有错，但是不符合题目要求。
全文翻译：
人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
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