2004年考研阅读Text2 全文翻译,长难句分析,重点词汇解析
(2011-10-07 15:25:56)
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考研真题阅读英语新东方周雷教育 |
分类: 考研英语 |
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
46. What does the author intend to
illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked
inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous
bias.
[C] A type of personal
prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand
discrimination.
47. What can we infer from the first
three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are
essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the
failure of Zoë
Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of
attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is
too subtle to
recognize.
48. The 4th paragraph suggests that
________.
[A] questions are often put to the
more intelligent students
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged
students often escape form class
[C] teachers should pay attention to
all of their students
[D] students should be seated
according to their
eyesight
49. What does the author mean by
"most people are literally having a ZZZ" (line 2, paragraph
5)?
[A] They are getting
impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing
off.
[C] They are feeling
humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word
puzzles.
50. Which of the following is true
according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning
with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a
great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate
alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may
lead to unintentional
bias.
重点词汇:
discrimination(歧视)Discrimination against women is not allowed.歧视妇女是不能允许的。[记] discrimination辨别, 识别力
condemn / kEn5dem / (声讨,谴责)we all condem cruelty to children.我们一致谴责虐待儿童的行为 The meat was condemned as unfairt for human consumption.这种肉已宣布不适宜食用。(有“人猪恋[球菌]” 哦J)[巧记] 即con加强意义+demn詛咒指责。
insidious
unaware(没觉察到的)[记] unaware常与of, that连用
thrive / Wraiv/ (兴旺,繁荣)
thumb through ( 翻阅[书页] )[巧记] thumb(拇指;以拇指拨弄;用拇指翻书页)
suspiciously
respectively(分别地, 各个地)She gave beer to the man and a toy to the baby, respectively.她分别给男人啤酒,给婴儿一个玩具。[记] respect n/v 尊重;respective adj 分别的,各自的
predecessor
coincidence /kEu5insidEns/ (巧合,一致) The polt of the novel relies too much on coincidence to be lialistic. 这部小书的情节多靠巧合安排而无真实感。[巧记] 由coin联想到coin(硬币)都在一起的时候,边缘是一致相合的。
rot
qualification (资格, 条件)a doctor's qualification当医生的资格。without any qualification不附带任何条件的What qualifications have you got to have for this job?申请这个工作你所具有的条件是什么?
humiliation
literally
shortlist
ballot
attendee
award(奖, 奖品)She showed us the athletics she had won.她给我们看她赢得的体育运动奖。
recipient
plough (through)(艰难前进,啃 [书本等]) The ship ploughed through the waves那轮船破浪前进 plough through mountains of work 费力的处理堆积如山的工作
难句分析:
①This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
该句子的主干是this refers to discrimination。主语this 和谓语refers to之间插入了介词短语for those作状语,those 后跟着形容词短语unaware of…作定语,宾语discrimination 后跟介词短语against those作定语,those后又有whose引导的定语从句。
对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说,它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。
△注意两个逗号之间是补充说明成分,阅读时可以先跳过不读。
②Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个分句,即American president and vice-president have surnames,and 26 of…had surnames。第一个分句的宾语surnames后是分词结构starting with作定语;第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构in the first half of the alphabet作定语,另外一个分词结构…的完整形式是against just 16 of George Bush's predecessors had surnames in the second half
如此这般,美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位(包括其父)的姓氏均在字母表的前半部,而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。
③Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
该句子的主干是and连接的两个分句:all tend to be drawn up,and their recipients lose interest.冒号前的三个名词短语是第一个分句主语all的同位语。As引导的时间状语从句,修饰第二个分句。
求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单,也是按字母表顺序排序,当人们费劲地向下查看时,兴趣随之索然
④It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.
It has long been known that…是一个固定句式,他的意思是“长久以来人们都知道…”其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that从句;从句本身又是一个复合句,开始是主句 a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars ,其中分词结构called AAA cars 是后置定语,修饰firm,后面的when 引导一个时间状语从句。
△英语中为了避免头重脚轻,通常把较长的主语放在句子后面,而以放在句首的形式主语it代替它。
⑤One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.
▲ 本句的主干是主语+系动词+表语结构: One theory, …is that the rot sets in early,其中两个逗号之间的部分是过去分词结构dreamt up…,作前面theory 的定语,其中过去分词结构enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged作前面time的定语。
△ the alphabetically disadvantaged(在字母表上排为不利的人)的作用相当于名词,指一类人。(the+形容词=名词,指一类人)。 Rot此处的意思是“一连串的不利”,指因为姓氏的首字母在字母表中的位置考后所遭受的歧视。
⑥At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape.
▲ 本句的主语是 the alphabetically disadvantaged,谓语是 may think,后免得 they have had a lucky escape.是一个宾语从句。
△ Luck escape此处可以译为“暗自庆幸”
答案解析:
本文的主题是关于对姓氏字母排列在后的人的种种歧视。作者开篇提出中心,下文接着通过列举电话号码簿上的字母排列顺序、总统名字、7大富有国的7大政界首脑名字等等例子论证论点。
46. [A] 本题的难度值为0.333,中等难度。区分度为0.314。
题干问:“作者在文中提到了AAAA车与Zodiac车,其目的是为了说明 ……”。 本题考察考生对原文论点和论据的把握能力。显然,第一段作者提出了论点,而第二段为举证。选项[A] “一种受人忽略的不平等”符合题干的含义。该选项中的overlooked和原文首段第三句的unaware of相对应。
选项[B]意为“一种易见的偏见”。这个与原文意思恰恰相反,原文的意思是这种偏见往往被人们所忽视。
选项[C]意为“一种个人偏见”。这个也不对,主要是原文讨论的是社会性的大众问题,即大家都忽视这种不平等的现象,而不是个人的偏见。
选项[D]意为“一种品牌歧视”,其本身是例证,不是作者论证的观点。换言之,这个选项过于肤浅了,没有表达出作者真正的意图。
47. [D] 本题的难度值为0.517,中等难度。区分度为0.366
题干问:“我们从前三段得出的推论是什么?”本题可以从以下三方面考虑。首先,作者整篇文章的态度是否定和批判的。其次,篇章的重要话题是歧视“discriminaiton”。其三,第一段中出现了“insidious”一词,第二段中出现了“has long been known”表达,都说明了这种现象常常被人们忽视。第三段也讲述了国家首脑之类的姓名也大多靠前,因此由前三段主题可以得出作者想要表述的是一种歧视,而这种歧视并不引人注意,否则就没必要特意写这篇文章来强调了。因此联系选项[D]“某种歧视太微妙而不易引人注意”是根据原文可以得出的推理。
选项[A]意为“无论在东方或西方,名字对成功都是至关重要的”,这个明显是绝对化选项,常理上讲也是荒谬的结论,因此不能入选。选项[B]意为“Zoë Zysman的失败归咎于字母表”,这个选项过于表面化,作者只是说明名字首字母靠后对一个人不利,但是并没有说一个人的失败就是由名字顺序造成的。因此这个属于偷换概念干扰项,排除。
选项[C]意为“消费者经常太多地关注公司的名字”,这个同样也是表面化选项,由三段所推出的结论不可能是这种肤浅的东西。
48. [C] 本题的难度值为0.700,比较容易。区分度为0.366,比较理想。
题干问:“第4段的暗示是 ……”。注意题干的要求,可以定位在原文的第四段,归纳原文信息,掌握整个段落所讲的问题后,自然明白老师只提问坐在前排的学生,而忽视后排的学生是不对的。由该段末句也可看出,作者不希望坐在后面的学生就这样被忽略而堕落下去。联系选项[C]“教师应该注意的是所有的学生”,正是作者想呼吁的,因此入选。其实,在下文第五段作者再次表述了这一观点。选项[A]意为“被提问的往往是更聪明的学生”,请注意,一道推理题是不会把这种表面现象当作答案的。更何况,原文提到被提问的往往是坐在前排的人,而不是聪明的学生。因此排除。
选项[B]意为“字母顺序有劣势的学生常常逃学”这个与第四段的这句有点关系:they have had a lucky escape。但是请注意这里的逃脱是指的逃脱回答问题,而不是逃学。因此要搞清楚词汇的语境,不要盲目选择。
选项[D]意为“应该根据学生的视力来安排座位”,这在原文中没有说明,原文只是用了short-sighted这个词,但是并没有指出应该按照视力排座位。尽管这是个合理而且符合常理的方法,但是原文中找不到根据的选项就不能入选,万不可主观臆断。
49.
[B]
本题的难度值为0.202,偏难。区分度为0.085。
题干问:“当作者提到‘most people are literally having a ZZZ’,其含义是什么?”题干中短语的位置出现在原文第五段。该表达与上文第4自然段的“attention”和下文的“lose interest”构成了照应关系,根据篇章的一致性,选项[B]“他们正在鼾声隆隆地进入梦乡”与上文构成了较佳的衔接关系。这里我要强调一下,这道题是历年考研试题中比较有创新的一道,因为其考查了考生的知识面和常识。看过漫画的人应该知道,ZZZ在漫画里表示的就是打瞌睡这种行为,如果具备了这种常识,那么这道题就很容易做对了。选项[A]意为“他们正在变得不耐烦”,这是个超强的干扰项,估计很多人都选择了该项。其实这个选项也应该是正确的,假如ZZZ这种东西在漫画里没有其固定含义,那么由考研阅读的思路讲应该选择A选项而不是B选项。因此这道题估计是考试中心为了考查考生的知识面所出的,但是考查效果很不理想,因此估计以后出这种题的可能性不大。所以这里选择A的同学也可以说是做对了,只是欠缺些相关知识而已。
[C]选项意为“他们正在感到受羞辱”,这个夸张的简直无从说起,原文没有一点提到羞辱这个意思,因此排除。
[D]选项意为“他们忙着玩文字游戏”。有些同学可能猜测ZZZ这是种文字游戏,因此选择了D选项。但是ZZZ事实上却是漫画里的一种惯用表达手法,因此不能入选。
50.
[D]
题干问:“根据本文,下面哪项是正确的?”本题可以从以下三方面考虑。首先,可以从第一段的论点得出判断。其次,可以从篇章的关键词概念判断,如“alphabetism”、“bias”、“discrimination”等。其三,可以从作者的态度来看。根据这些分析,选项[D]“按照字母表顺序排列方法可能造成无意的偏见”与原文信息是吻合的。选项[A]意为“姓氏开头字母从N到Z的人常常受到虐待”,如果知道ill-treated是什么意思的考生肯定会笑着排除这个选项的,因为虐待这个词太重了,原文只是说它们受到了不公平的对待而已。
选项[B]意为“西方世界的名流从字母排列得到许多好处”,这个在原文中有所提及,但是请注意,这句话本质上还是犯了绝对主义错误。如果选项改为:不少….名流从…….好处的话,倒是有一定正确性。但是不是所有的名流都受益于字母排列的。比方说很多名流也是字母排列靠后的,他们不是受益,而是受害才对。
选项[C]意为“消除字母排列歧视的斗争短时间内不会有太大进展”,这个选项倒是很像某些其他文章题目的正确答案,但是有些过于唱高调了,本文作者的目的只是陈述存在这么一种偏见的问题,而并没有呼吁人们来纠正这种偏见,至少,没有夸张到要发起斗争之类的地步。
译文:
在过去的一个世纪里各种各样的不公和歧视遭到了谴责或定为非法。但是有一种隐蔽的形式还在蔓延:按字母表顺序排名。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说,它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。
人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时,名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。至于在生活方面Adam Abbott较之Zoë Zysman的优越性就不那么为人所知了。英语的姓名虽然在字母表的前后两半部分的分布相当平均,但顶级人物的姓名的首字母在A与K之间的却多得可疑。
如此这般,美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位(包括其父)的姓氏均在字母表的前半部,而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。更加令人瞩目的是七大富裕强国政府的首脑中有六位在其姓氏按字母表顺序排名时靠前(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,Chrétien,Koizumi)。世界三大中央银行行长(Greenspan,Duisenberg,Hayami)全都接近字母表的上端,三人之中有一人即使用日文也是如此。世界上最富有的前五位情况也是如此(Gates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison,Albrecht)。
这仅仅是巧合吗?按字母表顺序排名靠后的人在享受闲暇时光时凭空想出一种理论,认为这种倒霉事老早就开始了。在幼儿学校第一年之始,老师为了较为容易记住学生的名字,就按字母表顺序由前往后给学生排座位。因此近视的小Zysman就被插在了后排,这样一来,粗心的教师提出的有助于提高的问题就很少会问到他。这时,按字母表顺序排名靠后的学生还认为他们能逃避老师的问题很幸运。然而,结果可能就是成绩欠佳,因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少,同时当众讲话时的信心也不足。
这种委屈继续着。在大学的毕业典礼上,姓名首字母是ABC的学生骄傲的首先领到奖品;等轮到Zysmans们领奖品的时候,大多数人简直都在鼾声大作了。求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单,也是按字母表顺序排序,当人们费劲地向下查看时,兴趣随之索然。

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