英语阅读理解中的长难句分析
(2011-05-25 20:15:38)
标签:
杂谈 |
分类: 阅读理解 |
一、长难句的分类
1、带有较多成分的简单句。如:
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines,the toothpaste marketer,for instance,must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used. 例如,决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后,牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台,以及那些具体的妇女杂志。
在这个有30多个词的简单句中,动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语,不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine,而且还修饰television programs and stations. exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词,这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。
2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如:
In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale,had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代,他在耶鲁当外科医生,有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子,但他那时过得却很不开心。
在第二个并列句中,即在had前面省略了and he.
Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern;almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age, and doctors can do nothing to help. 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑,几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来,而医生对此却无能为力。
三个分句均为简单句,分别用分号和and连接。
3、含有多个从句的复合句。如:
I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources,our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中:由于地球上人口的不断增长,由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源,我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句:as…resources.
However,those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而,我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道,这样的机会少得可怜;我们也知道,许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。
本句的主谓语是:those of us know。know有两个由that引导的宾语从句,其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us,在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。
4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如:
His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently(无知地) enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International,a software company,he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长,他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。
as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语,a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语,他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。
5、并列复合句。如:
I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse,but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not,change was unavoidable.我经历过好的变化,也经历过坏的变化,但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实,即不管我喜欢与否,变化总是不可避免的。
在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句,其中还含有一个让步状语从句。
They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism(故意破坏行为),and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares,vandalism did not often occur.他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时,破坏行为就不常发生。
在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句,在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句,这个定语从句前省略了关系词that或when.
二、长难句分析步骤
1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
2、如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分,给出全句大意(可用翻译法)。译文意思应当通顺,并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大,文理不通,则分析可能有误,这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
3、如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。
4、如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。
三、长难句分析的注意事项
在分析句子成分时,还应特别注意下列几点:
1、是否有同位语和插入语。
2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。
3、替代词的所指对象。
4、判断并列成分的层次。
5、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用,不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。
6、在从句多的句子中,从句中又包含从句的现象。
7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分(定语和状语)时又带着自己较长的从属成分,尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。
8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中,状语(单个词、短语或从句)究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。
四、长难句分析实例
1、Such tasks are generally important in their outcome,which only adds to the pressure to do good job,and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重要,这为做好工作增加了压力,然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。
这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中,有一个非限制性定语从句,但它不修饰outcome,而是修饰前面的整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构,用it作形式宾语,实际宾语为带有连接副词的不定式短语。
2、Today it is not unusual for a student,even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer,to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作,在暑假期间做全职工作,四年下来他仍会欠下5,000美元学费贷款,而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是很平常了。
分析本句应抓住其关键结构:it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主语,实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。这里应注意not unusual是双重否定,实际表示肯定含义。让步状语从句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句末是一个完整的内容,因此翻译中将他们连在一起,而把it is not unusual分译。
3、What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs,rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境,在这种环境中,只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用,而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。
本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture,主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明picture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment,在这个定语从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing,介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语,分别为:managing,promoting和providing。
4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. 正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被(恶人)侵犯。但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。
第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词,他们起承上启下的作用。三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句,最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。
长难句的分析
长难句的分析步骤:
1. 首先把长难句分解成一个个简单句。
2. 找出连词和关系词,确定句与句之间的关系,确定主句。(句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用,不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。)
3. 分析主句和从句的成分,确定句型(六种基本句型中的哪一种),识别谓语形态(时态、语态、语气)以及是否有倒装、省略、分隔、插入、独立成分、同位成分等。
4. 分析主句与从句、从句与从句之间的关系。
1. Please tell your father that I’m very grateful to him for the warm welcome I have received here —when I go back I will tell my family all about my visit here.
2. Lyn, the model, lay sprawled across a chair, her long leg clad in ragged denim, one sneakered foot tapping in time to the music which poured from the earphones planted firmly on her head —and which were to remaain there all the way to Egypt.
3. Jellyware is the human being who tells the hardware what to do, who gives the hardware its data, who utilizes the output of hardware, who writes the software, and who uses the output of the software.
4. It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work, thus the study of radioactivity began as a piece of pure research, but its results are now applied in a great number of different ways-in cancer treatment in medicine, the development of fertilizers in agriculture, th estudy of metal fatigue in engineering, in methods of estimating the ages of objects in anthropology and geology, etc.
5. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, but by help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill fo their own, they build up their theories.
1. 请告诉你的父亲,我非常感谢他对我的热情欢迎,还请告诉他,我回去以后要把我的这次访问情况告诉我的家人。
2. 模特林恩伸开四肢躺在在椅子上,修长的两条腿裹在蓝色斜纹粗布牛仔裤中,一只穿着旅游鞋的脚轻轻打着耳机里传出来的节拍。在去埃及的整个旅途中这副耳机始终牢牢地带在她的头上。
3. 脑件是指硬件该做什么的人,他提供硬件所需的数据,利用硬件产生的结果;他编写软件,使用软件产生的结果。
4. 显然,许多应用科学实际上都是纯理论和实验工作发展而来的,例如,对放射性的研究开始时是作为一项纯理论来研究 的。但是其成果现在则应用于很多不同方面:在医学中治疗癌症,在农业中研制化肥,在工程学中研究金属疲劳,在人类学和地质学中估算研究对象的年龄等等。
5. 你们都听说过好多次,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法进行工作的。他们用这些方法,在某种意义上说,力求从自然世界找出某些规律,然后他们根据这些规律,用自己某种特别的本领,建立起他们的理论。