TPO32:PLANT COLONIZATION

Plant Colonization
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选A。首段第四句破折号之后的内容”a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions….” 意思是:在一个安全地点,着火或者砍伐树木造成的混乱要么会排除竞争物种要么会降低竞争程度和其它负面交互。
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选A。Virtually:nearly,almost。中文翻译成“几乎”。
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选C。首段最后一句” A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.” 意思是:一个肥沃的被耕过的田地会迅速被各种各样的杂草入侵,然后一个临近的建筑工地(泥土被压紧或者被移除从而暴露出粗糙贫瘠的亲本材料)几个月甚至几年都没有植被覆盖,尽管建筑工地和田地所接受的种子是一样的。Whereas是连词,通常连接的两个句子会形成强烈的对比。这句话里面对比的就是两块不同地点的植物移植合适程度。
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:despite和even though都表示让步,都可以翻译为“尽管”。
5.
Pioneer species – those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization – tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind).
先锋物种——那些出现在移植最早阶段的物种——会有高的入侵速率,因为它们会生产大量的繁殖机体(种子、孢子等等),而且它们有高效的传播方式(通常情况下是风)。
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选B,符合原句两个Because引导的原因状语从句。
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选B。这是一个推断题,很难在原文中找到直接同意,所以最好用排除法。选项A的比较关系在原文中没有体现,排除。选项C,关于吃不吃种子的问题原文没提到。选项D,大种子短命没提到。选项B,在原文第二句的后半段“wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat.”风不是一个可靠地传播方式,所以段落第三句“Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.”说道会产生数量更少但是更大的种子,这些种子靠鸟或者小动物传播。大种子和小种子的唯一区别就是更大,而风吹不动的最直接原因就是种子太重。
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选D。段落第三句“such as those that….or those that produce long-lived seeds.”那么latter,也就是后者,当然指的是“long-lived seeds.”。
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选A。viable在生物学上的定义就是:capable of surviving。大家千万不要选D,在托福考试中单词题的答案一定要符合单词原有含义,切记不可推断。
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选C。例子出现在段落倒数第三句,这句话的开头就是“For example…”所以很明显,这个例子支持的观点就是前一句话。前一句“Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.”意思是:很多森林植物都表现出后者的适应性变化,并且在林地里能发现大量可存活的先锋物种种子。只要选项C的含义最符合。选项A的uncommon没提到;选项B的prefer没提到;选项D的particularly suitable没提到;选项C中的germinate over long periods of time对应的应该是例子中的100-year-old和viable。
10. 根据第四段,种子是如何在多样的气候以及极端气候条件下发芽的?(Factual information question)
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选D。段落第二句“Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.”意思是:给定物种的种子会呈现出广泛的发芽日期,增加了种子发芽率,至少有些种子在环境条件适宜的时期能发芽。段落最后一句“This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may begreat climatic diversity.”意思是:这点对于某些物种非常重要,这些物种会移植的环境中没有植被缓冲极端气候并且有巨大气候变化。
11. 与单词abundant在上下文含义最接近的是 (Vocabulary question)
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选D。请大家看一下英英词典的定义:abundant : available in large quantities or plentiful.
12. 根据第五段,以下哪个选项的内容决定了植物物种移植某个地点的顺序? (Factual Information Question)
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:答案选B。段落第二句“Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession.”意思是:入侵速率和生长速率的差异决定了顺序模式,尤其是次级顺序。succession的意思是“顺序”,相当于题干的sequence。
13. Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
They require relatively little protection or nutrients.
解析:答案选C,插入句子的意思是:“它们需要相对少的保护和养料。”这意味着它们的存活率更高,所以They应该代指的是“The species that are first to colonize…”所以应该查到这句之后的空中。
14.
The
ecology of a site is changed through its colonization by new plants
that arrive and grow there.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
解析:
答案选:ADF
选项A对,内容与第二段的第二句话正好对应。
选项B错,only if这个逻辑关系是无中生有。
选项C错,lower survival rates与原文最后一句的similar survival rates相反。
选项D对,总结了原文倒数第二段的内容。
选项E错,short germination periods与原文倒数第二段的第二句wide range of germination dates相反,并且而第九题的正确答案相悖。
选项F对,踪迹了原文最后一段的内容。