使用独立主格结构的几点注意
(2012-09-26 20:39:13)
标签:
宋体独立主格现在分词代词过去分词育儿 |
分类: 资料 |
思考:
先看看下面的句子:
1. Having finished the work, he went out.
2. Hearing the news, he became very angry.
3. Given more time, we could do it better.
在前两个句子中,主语he和动词完成finish,听到Hear是主动的关系,是主语发出了这个动作,所以用现在分词短语作状语;在第三个例句中,主语we和动词给予Give是被动的关系,主语是这个动作的承受者,即作这个动词的宾语,所以要用过去分词作状语。但他们的共同点是句子的主语与作状语的分词结构中的动词存在主动或者被动的关系。
4. Tom hearing the news, his face turned white.
在这个句子中,主语是his face,它和状语中的动词hear有关系吗?再如下面句子:
Time permitting, we'll go camping tomorrow.
There being no rain, all the crops are dying.
The problem settled, she felt very happy.
体会一下以上句子中的主语与分词结构中的动词有关系吗?分词结构中的动词的逻辑主语是什么?这种结构我们通常称之为什么呢?
1) 独立主格结构的特点
A. 使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
B. 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词等是主谓或动宾关系。
C. 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
2)
独立主格结构的构成
独立主格结构的构成方式为:名词普通格或代词主格
+
现在分词 /
过去分词 /
不定式 /
名词 /
形容词 /
副词 /
介词短语等。
A.
名词(或代词) +
现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
▲ e.g.: The man lay there, his hands
trembling.
有时,现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
▲ e.g.: The weather(being)fine, we decided to go on an outing.
B.
名词(或代词) +
过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
▲ e.g.: The girl stood there, her hands tied.
C.
名词(或代词) +
不定式(短语)
不定式表示将来的动作。
▲ e.g.: He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
D. 名词(或代词) + 形容词或副词
形容词或副词在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。
▲ e.g.: The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
The meeting over, we all went home.
She sat at the table, head down.
E. 名词(或代词) + 介词短语
▲ e.g.: The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略。
▲ e.g.: The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/(a) book in (his) hand.
F. There/It being + 名词或代词
此种结构多表原因。
▲ e.g.: There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
3)
独立主格结构的作用
1.作状语
表示时间
:
▲ e.g.: Her homework done(= After her homework was
done), Mary decided to go
shopping.
表示原因
:
▲ e.g.: There being no buses(= Because there were no buses), we had to walk home.
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (= As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
表示条件 :
▲ e.g.: Weather permitting(=If weather
permits), we’ll go to play
basketball.
表示方式或伴随
:
▲ e.g.: He sat at the table, head down.
注:表伴随时,既可用分词的独立主格,也可以用with的复合结构。其结构为:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
▲ e.g.: He stood there, his hands
tied. = He stood there, with his hands tied.
2.作定语:
▲ e.g.: Many people joined in the work, some
of them women and children.
Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
自学:使用独立主格时的5点注意:
1. 连词的省略
独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。
▲ e.g.: After class was over (= Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了教室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。如:
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时
▲ e.g.: It being Sunday, we went to church.
(2) 在There being+名词的结构中。
▲ e.g.: There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
▲ e.g.: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构:
▲ e.g.: Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
▲ e.g.: The chief-editor arriving, we began
the meeting.
主编来了,我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构。
5.
独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。
▲ e.g.: The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。