加载中…高考英语阅读理解七选五
(2014-05-23 09:38:54)|
高考英语阅读填空题（阅读七选五） |
高考英语阅读理解七选五解题技巧
阅读理解七选五 ，即给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。
这种题型来自于 课改后的新高考，虽然是一种新的尝试，但在解题技巧方面，还是有章可循的。所以，小结一下。
通读全文，了解文章大意。
通读答案，找出和文章相对应的关键词。
根据文章整体结构、具体内容，并结合关键词，将选项填入文中。
将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。
研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。
1. 符合《英语课程标准》中“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求和《2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 说明》中“如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章, 必须对文章的结构有所了解, 把握住全篇的文脉, 即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。”的要求。如果说通常意义上的高考英语完形填空题是词法和句法范围内的考查，它是语言表达的基本单位，属于语言的组织规律，那么阅读填空题就是章法范围内的考查，是语言使用的范畴，属于言语的组织规律，简单地说，前者侧重语言的结构—语法，
而后者侧重语言的使用—章法。
2. 注重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。阅读本质就是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过程，新题型不但要求考生具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的知识，而且要有辨证、综合、分析、归纳方面的逻辑思维能力，是阅读的深层
理解，也是阅读的核心和关键。
3. 题材新颖，具有浓厚的时代气息和较高的真实性，与学生的学习经历和生活经历相适应，与新课程理念下的高考改革走向相适应，与高中英语教学实际相适应，遵循了《英语课程标准》的评价理念，保证了试题的效度、信度、真实
性和公平性原则。
二、阅读填空题详解分析
分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意（章振邦，1985），所谓的“积句而成章，积章而成篇。”就是这个道理。分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词，逻辑性插入语来连接，我们在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只要层层入手，才能真正理解文章。例如：2008年高考英语（宁夏卷）阅读理解新题型：
第二节(共5小题:每小题2分, 满分10分)
两项为多余选项。
Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become
a batter student in several ways71
You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while
reading a textbook or doing research for a report.72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73
The following methods may work best for you.
●
●
supporting facts.
●
●
●
As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them
all the time.75
A. Use words, not complete sentences.
B. There are three practical note-taking methods.
C. You must write your notes on separate paper.
D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.
E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.
F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your
notes.
G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier
for you to understand and remember it.
这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次，每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位，各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题，形成了文章的线性结构；第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧，第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记，都要有选择性的做记录，第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法，第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号，这就形成了文章的层次
结构，这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。
三、阅读填空题的解题策略
1.理清句际间意义的关系
文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系（章振邦，1985）。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。如2008年高考英语 阅读理解新题型中，第一段的第一句“Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways”与下面几句是解释关系，解释关系是指后面的句子对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证，使意思更加明了、具体。后三句之间是平列关系，平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并列的地位，互不相属，而只是组合在一起共同说明一个问题。平列关系组合的语段，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意思。第二段的第一句与第二句是层递关系，层递关系是一种固定的顺序关系，但又不同与顺序关系，顺序关系指构成语段的各句子只能按事物发展的过程由先而后地顺序排列，不可随意改变次序，通常在记叙文或描述固定的操作程序的说明文中用得普遍，而层递关系组合的语段是按语意的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。第三句与第四句是解释关系，第一、二句组合为一个语段，第三、四句组合为另外一个语段，语段与语段之间是总分关系，总分关系是指前面的句子陈述两个过两个以上的对象，后面的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组合的语段能够前呼后应，彼此配合，使语脉清楚，条分缕析，如“Whenever or however you take notes”一句与前两句前呼后应，彼此配合，为前句选“E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes. ”埋伏了一笔，逻辑性很强。第三段的第一句与下面几句是解释关系，而后列举的方法是平列关系。第四段的最后两句是转折关系，转折关系指句与句之间存在意义的
转折，通常表达对比或对照的意思。
2.找出句子之间的连接性的词语
文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间
的基本关系是承接关系（如so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result等）、平列关系（如first, second, third…;firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude等）、比如文章中的选项71，由Second、Third得知应选表示平列关系的句子G.项, 转折关系（如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise等）、如选项75与前句构成了转折关系,故应选D.项答
案, 层递关系（如also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also等），如72 选项与前句组合为层递关系,故应选包含also的E.项句子,或者是解释关系,如73选项应选F.选项,与74选项平等的，是一组
祈示句,而非陈述句,故应选A.项而非B项。
总之，对一个语段或语篇的分析，可以按以下步骤进行：
（1）通读整篇文章，把握整段语脉，理出文章的中心。
（2）根据标点符号确定有几个句子。
（3）除中心词、关键词外，将所有句子按意义分出层次，如果是承接、平列、层进关系，则可分为两个或两个以上的层次，如果是解释、转折一般就可以
一分为二。
4）再分析各层次之间的关系。
（5）最后检查核对层次划分有无错误。如一篇文章或语段有几个句子单位，几个层次，特别是长难句构成的语段层次是否明确。
2013辽宁高考：
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
Forgiveness
To forgive is a virtue, but no one has ever said it is easy. When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate. However, forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health. People who forgive show less sadness, anger and stress and more hopefulness, according to a recent research.
________71_______ Try the following steps:
Calm yourself. ________72_______ You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love.
Don’t wait for an apology. Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don’t see things the same way. ________73_______ Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.
Take the control away from your offender(冒犯者). Rethinking about you hurt gives power to the person who causes you pain. Instead of focusing on your mounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around you.
________74_______ If you understand your offender, you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness, fear, and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender’s point of view.
Don’t forget to forgive yourself. ________75_______ But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
2013陕西卷：
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从下框的A---F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。 选项中有一项为多余选项。
|
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
|
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Pet-keeping is a time-honored tradition. One of the reasons for people to raise dogs or cows was usefulness. While people in the past hunted animals and kept them in their backyards, the civilsed man today is less cruel towards them and is less exploitative(利用的).
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We keep animals as pets because they are attractive. We all have the urge to possess something that has aesthetic（审美的）value, and this is why we treasure paintings or fine furniture. Keeping pets is one form of this urge. A Siamese cat in the house can be a decorative object. Pets are playful animals and they amuse us. A little rabbit amuses us by its playful and lively runs.
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Many parents find it helpful to have pets in the house for their children. Habing pets is an excellent way of developing in children the love of animals and reponsibility. Children get the opportunity to take on full responsibitity for another creature’s life. It will be an educational expreience for a child to watch the natural life cycle of an animal. There are psychological benefits for children. Pets are welcome friends for children who are lonely. Pets are excellent companions. Keeping pets means giving love and being loved. We find comfort in giving care and receiving care in return. We get pleasure from their appearance and their behavior.
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As more people move into apartments, there are limitations on keeping of animals like dogs and monkeys. Therefore, caged animals have increased in popularity. Birds fall into this group. We keep them for their beautiful songs and feathers. Fish-keeping is a widespread hobby and the keeper can observe their behavior in the glass tank and study its entire life cycle. The cat is a fine house pet and it fits neatly into human habitation(居住地) without requiring its own cage. They are wonderful hunters, if there are rats around.
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Pets satisfy man’s desire to care for a bit of nature. The pet owner has the responsibility for supplying those needs that nature provides. Pets are amusing and entertaining, but we are in a way doing animals harm by making them live in a human environment. Are we not enslaving(奴役)them?
2013全国卷
Public Speaking Training
·Get a coach
·Focus on positives
·
If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it's going to give you lots of dos and don'ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about.
·You are a special person not a clone
Most importantly, good public speaking training should treat
you as a special one, with your own personal
habits.
personality, not try to turn you into someone you're not.
A. You aren't like anybody else
B. You already do lots of things well
C. Turn your back on too many rules
D. Check the rules about dos and don'ts
E. Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough
F .The one thing you don't want is for them to fall asleep
G. So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse
2012辽宁卷
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
How to Make Friends
The first step to making friends is associating with other
people.
2.
Starting a conversation is the second most important step in
making new friends.
3.
Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together, Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.
4.
It is a good thing to stay in touch.
5.
The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your
friends to be themselves.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
2011陕西卷
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从下框A~F选项中选出能概括每段主题的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。选项中有一项为多余项。
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A. A sense of humour is not an inborn ability. B. A sense of humour can be developed in our life. C. A sense of humour helps us from several aspects. D. A sense of humour means more than telling jokes. E. A sense of humour can be expressed in many ways. F. A sense of humour helps people to better enjoy life. |
|
C |
As awareness of the cenefits of humour increases, most of us want to get all the langhs we can. It seems that almost every day there is another new discovery about the power of humour to help us physically, mentally, cmotionally, and sp[iritually. Every system of the body responds to langhter in some important or positive way .
|
A |
Many pcople mistakenly believe that we are born with a sense of humour. They think that when it comes to a sense of humour. “either you have got it or you don't .” This is
false! What is true, however, is that the ability to laugh and smile is actually something we are born with. For example, we laugh when we are tickled under the arm, even without thinking about how to react.
|
B |
63.
The parts of the brain and central nervous system that control laughing and smiling are mature at birth in human infants, but that is not the same thing as having a sense of humour. (After all, when a baby laughs in his small bed we don’t rush over and say, “That kid has a great sense of humour!”) Your sense of humour is something you can develop over a lifetime. Don’t be nervous before others and try to laugh at yourself-then you will make them laugh too.
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D |
64.
Humour includes a lot more than laughing and joke telling. Many people worry needlessly that they do not have a good sense of humour because they are not good joke tellers. More than jokes, a sense of humour requires being willing and able to see the funny side of life’s situations as they happen. In fact, one of the best definitions（定义）of a sense of humour is “the ability to see the nonserious element in a situation.”
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F |
65.
There may be a thousand different ways to express your sense of humour, but joke telling is only one of those ways. As more is discovered about how humour benefits our life, more people will be able to see and enjoy the humour when they are in a difficult situation. Life depends on air, food and water, but it is made easier to live with a good sense of humour.
2011全国卷：
Money Matters
Parents should help their children understand money. 71 so you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example.
1. The basic function of money
Being explaining the basic function of money by showing how
people trade money for goods or services. It is important to show
your child how money is traded for the thing he wants to have. If
he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the
money to the cashier（收银员）. 72
2. Money lessons
Approach money lessons with openness and honesty.
3.
Begin at the grocery store. Pick put similar brands of a
product—a name brand butter and a generic(无商标产品),for
example. You can show your child how to make choices between
different brands of a product so that you can save
money.
A. Wise decision.
B. The value of money.
C. Permit the child why he can—or cannot—have certain things.
D. Talk yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.
E. Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.
F. Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store.
G. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.
2012北京卷：
Empathy
Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. __71__ Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs.
Jennifer Freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you’re showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect. __72__
There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature. __73__ Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.
Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, Freed says, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. __74__ “Academics are important. But if you don’t have emotional (情感的) intelligence, you won’t be as successful in work or in your love life,” she says.
What’s the best way to up your EQ (情商）? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to others. __75__
To really develop empathy, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
2012陕西卷：
根据短文内容，从下框的A～F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。选项中有一项为多余项。
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A. Be well-organised. B. Close with a Q & A. C. Don’t be contradictory. D. Bring it to a specific end E. Speak slowly and pause. F. Drop unnecessary words |
Speaking to a group can be difficult, but listening to a bad speech is truly a tiresome task—especially when the speaker is confusing. Don’t want to confuse your audience? Follow these suggestions:
61.
When it comes to understanding new information, the human brain needs a little time. First, we hear the words; then, we compare the new information to what we already know. If the two are different, we need to pause and think. But a breathless speaker never stops to let us think about what he or she is saying and risks confusing us. Slow it
62.
Sometimes we all start a sentence one way and then switch directions, which is very difficult to follow. When you the audience confuse your listeners with opposing information, you leave the audience wondering what part of the information is right and what part they should remember. Instead of relying and keeping correcting yourself, work to get the facts clear and straight.
63.
Jumping from point to point as it comes to your mind puts the
onus (责任）on your listeners to make up for your lack of
organisation. And it’s confusing for them to listen, reorganise,
and figure out what you’re saying all at once. But going smoothly
from one point to the next helps them understand information more
easily. You can arrange things from beginning to end, small to
large, top to bottom or by some other order. Just be sure to
organise.
64.
Repeated use of um, ah, like, you know and some other useless noises can drive an audience crazy. It makes the speaker sound uncertain and unprepared, and it can leave listeners so annoyed that they can’t pay attention. Recently I attended a speech that was marked by so many ums that audience members were rolling their eyes. Was anybody grasping the intended message? Um, probably not.
65.
Many speakers finish up their speeches with question-and-answer (Q & A) sessions, but some let the Q & A go on without a clear end. The audience is often left confused about whether the meeting is over and when they can get up and leave. Do your listeners a favour by setting a time limit on questions, and close your speech with a specific signal—even if it’s something simple like, “If you have any more questions, you know where to reach me.”
Or even more to the point, conclude your speech with “Thanks for your time. ”
第五篇：
The Internet has opened up a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we’ve never been before.
But just as in face to face communication, there
are some rules of behavior that should be followed when on line.
For anything you’re about to send: ask yourself,
“Would I say this to the person’s face?” If the answer is no,
rewrite and reread.
If someone in the chat room is rude to you, your
instinct (本能) is to fire back in the same manner. But
try not to do so.
4
It is not polite to ask others personal questions such as their age, sex and marital status. Unless you know the person very well, and you are both comfortable with sharing personal information, don’t ask such questions.
A. It’s natural that there some people who speak rudely or make mistakes online.
B. Repeat the process till you feel sure that you’d feel comfortable saying the words to the person’s face.
C. Everyone was new to the network once.
D. The basic rule is simple: treat others in the same way you would want to be treated.
E. When you send short messages to a person online, you must say something beautiful to hear.
F. You should either ignore the person, or use your chat software to block their messages.
G. If you do decide to tell someone about a mistake, point it out politely.
Before going outside in the morning, many of us check a window thermometer(温度计)for the temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. _____1____. We want our food to be a certain coldness in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don’t feel well, we use a thermometer to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in the summer.
Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale.
Both systems use the freezing and boiling points of water as their guide._____2_____ .
The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury(水银)inside a clear glass tube. As mercury (or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts(收缩). That is why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube._____3______.
First. Take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap ; fill the bottle with coloured water. Tap a hole in the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw(吸管) through the nail hole.
______4______.
Finally. Place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the water lever easily.
______5____.
As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the lever in the straw will come down. Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water lever in the straw each morning for a week.
in our daily lives.
when they are heated or cooled.
expand and rise even higher.
world.
_
The first thing you need to come up with is an
idea for your club．
Next you need some friends to be in your club
with you．
At your first meeting you should make up a rule book． And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!
Now you have just about everything you need,
except membership cards． These are very important and
again you can speed a lot of time making
them．
So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do!
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2013陕西卷
2013全国卷
2012辽宁卷
2011陕西卷
2011全国卷
2012北京卷
2012陕西卷
五．DBFCG
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