加载中…高中英语语法之主谓一致
(2012-10-15 16:46:53)
标签：
杂谈 |
概述：1) 语法形式上要一致,即用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致 2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义.
1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C..本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.
2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
总的来说，在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
Not only
John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
3
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together
with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as
等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致.
4 谓语需用单数
1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.
Each of us
has a tape-recorder.
2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.
The
Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
< The Arabian Night >是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书.
3)
表示金钱,时间.距离.价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.(用复数也可,意思不变.)
5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)
在代词what, which, who,
none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.
2)
集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company,
committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体.
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者.
但集合名词people, police,
cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).vermin等在任何情况下都用复数形式.
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion,
majority
等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.
A number
of books have lent out.
6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)
用half of, part of, most
of, a portion of
等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市.
主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象
和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下
1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.
2, "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.
3,"half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.
4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:
"All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利
5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:What they want to get is
6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:
7,当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.
8,each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:
They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.
9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.
10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:
The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.
11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.例如:
Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.
当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等
12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如:
The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（记录）.remains（遗体）.thanks等
13,"one and a
One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.
14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.
15,"one of+复数名词+
定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如:
16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:
One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.
以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如： Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如：
Darts is basically a easy game.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。
例如： Three darts are
thrown at each turn.
（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 例如：
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如：
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例如：
The third
world economics is promising.
但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。 例如：
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trouse等
集合名词的主谓一致
集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类.
1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类.如:a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等.这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待.属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
【例如】A big crowd often
gathers on the square every morning.
但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中.
2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数.这类名词常见的有:humanity, mankind, proletariat等.
【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念.它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.
【例如】The police have
caught the murder.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大.
【例如】The school teaching
staff are (is) excellent.
这类集合名词常见的有:class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等.
根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词.
试比较:The football team is
playing well.
The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点.
The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭.
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴.
练习
1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.
A. is ;
are
2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.
A. was;
were
3. A
number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the
students ______ increasing year.
4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour (酸).
A. have;
has
5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.
A. have;
has
6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.
A. is;
are
7. Either the judge or the lawvers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.
A. is;
are
8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.
A. are;
is
9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.
A. is;
are
10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.
A. take;
are
11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.
A. have;
was
12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?
A. are;
are
13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.
A. are;
is
14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.
A. are;
is
15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.
A. are;
is
16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.
A. are;
is
17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.
A. are;
are
18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.
A. know;
was
19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.
A. was; is
20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.
A. is;
are
21. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.
A. is;
not
22. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.
A. have
been sold; is
23. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.
A. is;
has
24. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.
A. comes;
is
25. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).
A. are;
goes
26. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.
A. are;
are
27. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.
A. is;
are
28. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.
A. is;
is
29. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.
A. is;
are
30. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.
A. enjoy;
is
31. Many a man ______ seen the wonderful film. Many men _____ seen the wonderful film.
A. has;
has
32. Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit. Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.
A. is;
is
33. Such ______ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such ______ her words.
A. were;
were
34. Besides Xiao Wang, Wiao Ma _____ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.
A. was; is
35. If anybody _____, ask him to wait. _____ there anything I can do for you?
A. come;
Is
36. Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.
A. is;
is
37. Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _____ done to against fight pollution.
A. has
been; have been
38. Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.
A. is;
are
39. Each of the girls ____ an orange. Each ______ his duty.
A. have;
has
40. When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.
A. have;
don’t
41. Her clothes ____ nearly worn out. His physics ______ weaker than others.
A. is;
is
42. Five
hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford.
43. Food
and clothing ____ daily necessities for people.
44. The
United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two
countries.
45. Three
kilometers ____ not a long distance.
46. To say
something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another.
47. Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.
A.
is
48. He
like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent.
49.
Between the two buildings _____ a hospital.
50. How to
get rid of these things ____ a big problem.
答案：1—5
ACDAB
21—25BCACA
41—45BABAA
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