被动语态总结

标签:
教育 |
被动语态
一.被动语态的使用
我们在平常的英语交流中,多使用主动语态,但在下列情况下,则通常使用被动语态:
1.
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。
Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨八点收取。
2.
The desk was made by Master Wang. 这张课桌是王师傅做的。
3.
I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲送给我作为生日礼物的。
4.
A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸,三人丧生,伤员马上被送往了医院,并马上派了警察去处理这一事件。
5.
So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times. 到目前为止,地球人已经几次拜访了月亮。
二.被动语态转换的类型
1.
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词),将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语):
He stole our money.→Our money was stolen by him.
【注】若不强调动词执行者,被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略:
The house was built in 1978.
2.
双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词,它们在变为被动语态时,有以下两种情形值得注意:
(1)
He gave her some money.
→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to her.
He bought her a watch.
→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.
(2)
Father made me a doll. → A doll was made for me.
He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her.
3.
若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词,在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词,其结构为“情态动词+be(或be的适当时态形式)+过去分词”:
Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.
4. 带有宾语从句的动词变被动
这种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型,它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子,如:
People believed that she is honest.
→ It’s believed that she is honest.
→ She is believed to be honest.
动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等
5.带有复合宾语的动词变被动
所有带不定式做宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时,不定式必须恢复to。如:
三.特殊的被动语态
1. “get+过去分词”表被动
但总的说来,用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时,人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解:
The window was broken.
The window got broken.
2. 谓语动词主动表被动
1)
That dog looks dangerous.
(2)
The door won’t shut.
(3)
The cloth washes well.
The book sells quickly.
【注】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用,并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作):
The sentences read clearly.
The sentences are read clearly.
(4)
When does the concert begin?
The play ended at ten o’clock.
(5)
Where is the new film showing?
My skirt caught on a nail.
3. 非谓语动词用主动表被动
(1)
Who is to blame?
The house is to let.
(2)
The question is difficult to answer.
Your writing is impossible to read.
【注】①这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy,
hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky,
unpleasant
②
It’s a difficult book to read.
③
The water is not fit to drink [to be
drunk].
The letters are ready to post [to be
posted].
(3)
I have some letters to write.
【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式,比较:
I have something to type.
I have something to be typed.
(4)
Give me some magazines to read.
He lent me some magazines to read.
【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是直接宾语前的间接宾语,则应用被动式,比较:
He will show you the path to take.
He will show you the room to be used as the
meeting-room.
但有时两者区别不大:
Give me a list of the people to invite [to be
invited].
(5)
There is too much work to do [to be
done].
但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb):
There is nothing to do.
There is nothing to be done.
(6)
The writing is too faint to read [to be
read].
These boxes are not strong enough to use [to be
used] as a platform.
但在某些特别强调被动意义的语境中,可能用被动式更恰当:
He spoke in a voice too low to be
heard.
(7)
In all, the book is worth reading.
【注】与worth相似的worthy却不一样,其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of),且要用被动式表示被动含义:
This book is worthy to be read [of being
read].
(8)
This wall requires repairing.
【注】以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义:
This sentence needs explaining [to be
explained].
四.不用于被动语态的情况
1.
因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生)等:
A fire broke out during the night.
2.
英语有些静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble
My shoes don’t fit me.
3.
由于相互代词和反身代词通常不能用作主语,所以当它们用作动词宾语时,句子不能转换成被动语态:
We should help each other.
He could see himself in the mirror.
五.易错题
1. Don’t read that magazine. = Don’t let that magazine ------.
A.
read
解析:read和magazine是被动关系,所以排除A,B. 空白部分应该是做let的宾语补足语,而let的宾补是不带to的不定式,所以省去to,只剩下be read.选择C。
2. In warm weather fruit and meat ------ long.
A. don’t
keep
解析:keep作为“保持…状态”时,是系动词,用主动表被动,排除B,C. 又因为是一个常识,所以选择一般现在时。
3. He received a telegram -----, “Mother sick.”
A.
written
解析:空白部分应该是作为定语修饰句子的宾语,而空白部分的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,那么应该用主动表被动,所以选择C。
4. The classroom ----- 30 feet long.
A.
measures
解析:measure是系动词,主动表被动,选择A.
5. I ----- in English.
A. deeply interest
C. am interested deeply
解析:选择D,副词deeply修饰动词interest放在行为动词前,myself反身代词做动词的宾语,因为interest做动词是及物动词,必须加宾语,所以A错了。C中deeply的位置错了,应该放在be和过去分词之间。Interesting一般是指某物是有意思的。
6. In a room above the store, where a party -----, some workers were busily setting the table.
A. was to be held
解析:因为工人还在忙着搬桌子,所以聚会还没开始,是用将来时,又从后面的were看出是用过去时,所以是过去将来,选择A。
7. He was surprised that his wife ----- near their house.
A. has robbed
解析:rob sb. of sth. rob 和wife是被动关系,排除A,C。因为不涉及被抢劫的东西,不用of.选择B。