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Science创刊125周年!发布全世界最前沿的125个科学问题

(2017-08-14 19:04:52)
Science创刊125周年!发布全世界最前沿的125个科学问题

在庆祝SCIENCE创刊125周年之际,该刊杂志社公布了125个最具挑战性的科学问题。

简单归纳统计这125个问题,其中涉及生命科学的问题占46%,关系宇宙和地球的问题占16%,与物质科学相关的问题占14%以上,认知科学问题占9%。其余问题分别涉及数学与计算机科学、政治与经济、能源、环境和人口等。

在今后1/4个世纪的时间里,人们将致力于研究解决这些问题。其中,前25个被认为是最重要的问题。

这125个问题如下:

1、宇宙由什么构成?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592792511095184.jpeg

2、意识的生物学基础是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592800896041081.jpeg

3、为什么人类基因会如此之少?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592809722072490.jpeg

4、遗传变异与人类健康的相关程度如何?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592819489072366.jpeg

5、物理定律能否统一?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592828472071048.jpeg

6、人类寿命到底可以延长多久?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592838160086538.jpg

7、是什么控制着器官再生?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592847785027219.jpg

8、皮肤细胞如何成为神经细胞?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592858743086093.jpg

9、单个体细胞怎样成为整株植物?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592870109025576.jpg

10、地球内部如何运行?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592880841006525.jpg

11、地球人类在宇宙中是否独一无二?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592889458014909.jpg

12、地球生命在何处产生、如何产生?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592899032075073.jpg

13、什么决定了物种的多样性?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592910521026344.jpg

14、什么基因的改变造就了独特的人类?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592920571055559.jpg

15、记忆如何存储和恢复?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592931578060916.jpg

16、人类合作行为如何发展?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592942110070916.jpg

17、怎样从海量生物数据中产生大的可视图片?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592952363040616.jpg

18、化学自组织的发展程度如何?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592963406002214.jpg

19、什么是传统计算的极限?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592973777074310.jpg

20、我们能否有选择地切断某些免疫反应?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592983125036429.jpg

21、量子不确定性和非局部性背后是否有更深刻的原理?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502592992572055532.jpg

22、能否研制出有效的HIV疫苗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593004605056010.jpg

23、温室效应会使地球温度达到多高?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593016707074330.jpg

24、什么时间用什么能源可以替代石油?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593038202089547.jpg

25、地球到底能负担多少人口?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593050068020834.jpg

26、宇宙是否唯一?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593059527033913.jpg

27、是什么驱动宇宙膨胀?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593070134078524.jpg

28、第一颗恒星与星系何时产生、怎样产生?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593082139000223.jpg

29、超高能宇宙射线来自何处?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593092860034033.jpg

30、是什么给类星体提供动力?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593103303066374.jpg

31、黑洞的本质是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593132068052059.jpg

32、正物质为何多于反物质?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593141026049782.jpg

33、质子会衰减吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593152930083558.jpg

34、重力的本质是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593162364051123.jpg

35、时间为何不同于其他维度?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593178880027733.jpg

36、是否存在比夸克更小的基本粒子?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593190614010118.jpg

37、中微子是其自己的反粒子吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593205009041271.jpg

38、是否有解释所有相关电子系统的统一理论?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593218067045982.jpg

39、人类能够制造最强的激光吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593255406043050.jpg

40、能否制造完美的光学透镜?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593247148060341.jpg

41、是否可能制造出室温下的磁性半导体?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593266693094079.jpg

42、什么是高温超导性之后的成对机制?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593279753015114.jpg

43、能否发展关于湍流动力学和颗粒材料运动学的综合理论?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593291357036453.jpg

44、是否存在稳定的高原子量元素?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593303294089989.jpg

45、固体中是否有超流动性?如果有,如何解释?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593316519027941.jpg

46、水的结构如何?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593328864071841.jpg

47、玻璃态物质的本质是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593341353084423.jpg

48、是否存在合理化学合成的极限?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593351946043092.jpg

49、光电电池的最终效率如何?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593363544013760.jpg

50、核聚变将最终成为未来的能源吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593375535049655.jpg

51、驱动太阳磁周期的原因是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593385216098975.jpg

52、行星怎样形成?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593395334014301.jpg

53、是什么引发了冰期?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593406141001630.jpg

54、使地球磁场逆转的原因是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593419660059350.jpg

55、是否存在有助于预报的地震先兆?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593432290050170.jpg

56、太阳系的其他星球上现在和过去是否存在生命?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593444709011802.jpg

57、自然界中手性原则的起源是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593456500040620.jpg

58、能否预测蛋白质折叠?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593469884095930.jpg

59、人体中的蛋白质有多少存在方式?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593480855099718.jpg

60、蛋白质如何发现其作用对象?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593493367052827.jpg

61、细胞死亡有多少种形式?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593507160066146.jpg

62、是什么保持了细胞内的通行顺畅?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593520468002522.jpg

63、为什么细胞的成分可以独立于DNA而自行复制?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593533881095823.jpg

64、基因组能不同于RNA的角色是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593546428022888.jpg

65、基因组中端粒和丝粒的作用是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593561065017995.jpg

66、为什么一些基因组很大,另一些又相当紧凑?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593575283027842.jpg

67、基因组中的“垃圾”(“junk”)有何作用?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593588065075246.jpg

68、新技术能使DNA测序的成本降低多少?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593628351004213.jpg

69、器官和整个有机体如何了解停止生长的时间?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593640632001360.jpg

70、除了继承突变,基因组如何改变?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593649036007450.jpg

71、在胚胎期,不对称现象是如何确定的?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593660778094384.jpg

72、翼、鳍和面孔如何发育进化?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593671847018151.jpg

73、是什么引发了青春期?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593681308060378.jpg

74、干细胞是否位于所有肿瘤的中心?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593690876047604.jpg

75、肿瘤更容易通过免疫进行控制吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593699311057331.jpg

76、肿瘤的控制比治愈是否更容易?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593708301026391.jpg

77、炎症是所有慢性疾病的主要原因吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593721023093895.jpg

78、疯牛病会怎样发展?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593730937067143.jpg

79、脊椎动物在多大程度上依赖先天免疫系统来抵抗传染病?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593739960008212.jpg

80、对抗原而言,免疫记忆需要延长暴露吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593751488014069.jpg

81、为什么孕妇的免疫系统不拒绝其胎儿?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593762313006588.jpg

82、什么与有机体的生物钟同步?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593772015057642.jpg

83、迁徙生物怎样发现其迁移路线?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593782698007510.jpg

84、为什么要睡眠?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593792597034187.jpg

85、人类为什么会做梦?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593805824055065.jpg

86、语言学习为什么存在临界期?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593815688054972.jpg

87、信息素影响人类行为吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593826613017702.jpg

88、一般麻醉剂如何发挥作用?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593835182027238.jpg

89、导致精神分裂症的原因是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593844575018191.jpg

90、引发孤独症的原因是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593853375076455.jpg

91、阿兹海默症患者的生命能够延续多久?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593864565082165.jpg

92、致瘾的生物学基础是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593876028042532.jpg

93、大脑如何建立道德观念?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593890106093645.jpg

94、通过计算机进行学习的极限是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593901131066943.jpg

95、有多少个性源于遗传?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593911819093181.jpg

96、性别倾向的生物学根源是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593920299078430.jpg

97、生命树是生命之间系统关系最好的表达方式吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593931703098596.jpg

98、地球上有多少物种?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593941664014442.jpg

99、什么是物种?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593952281009770.jpg

100、横向转移为什么会发生在众多的物种中以及如何发生?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593964160027560.jpg

101、谁是世界的共同祖先?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593973107031379.jpg

102、植物的花朵如何进化?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593987496041329.jpg

103、植物怎样制造细胞壁?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502593996485004166.jpg

104、如何控制植物生长?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594007511060040.jpg

105、为什么所有的植物不能免疫一切疾病?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594018827033196.jpg

106、外界压力环境下,植物的变异基础是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594033671050711.jpg

107、是什么引起物质消失?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594045812086945.jpg

108、能否避免物种消亡?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594058626002845.jpg

109、一些恐龙为什么如此庞大?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594072940074104.jpg

110、生态系统对全球变暖的反应如何?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594084980009166.jpg

111、至今共有多少人种,他们之间有何关联?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594098416085117.jpg

112、是什么提升了现代人类的行为?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594109529076679.jpg

113、什么是人类文化的根源?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594119487075948.jpg

114、语言和音乐演化的根源是什么?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594136145076884.jpg

115、什么是人种,人种如何进化?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594147530024949.jpg

116、为什么一些国家向前发展,而有些国家的发展停滞?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594158522033044.jpg

117、政府高额赤字对国家利益和经济增长速度有什么影响?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594173651076387.jpg

118、政治与经济自由密切相关吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594185526054120.jpg

119、为什么改变撒哈拉地区贫困状态的努力几乎全部失败?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594222763032792.jpg

120、有没有简单的方法确定椭圆曲线是否存在无穷多解?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594215464093689.jpeg

121、霍奇闭链是代数闭链的和吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594235133098924.jpg

122、数学家将会最终给出Navier-Stokes方程的解吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594245802003264.jpg

123、庞加莱实验能否确定4维空间的球?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594258958032217.jpg

124、黎曼zeta函数的零解都有a+bi形式吗?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594270026062567.jpg

125、对粒子物理标准模型研究是否会停止在量子Yahg-Mills理论上?

http://www.ekexiu.com/data/editor/image/20170813/1502594280814085269.jpeg

(注:最后6个数学问题选自Clay数学研究所提出的新千年问题)


(来源:Science)



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