http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/uGgYyzw5OJIfhNdHkHIkndpsIR95eKWzztukuNeryqpPog2SLlAIynnx9jH1dPwoF2NdbVPh338jCfcqHMS8vw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" />

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一眨眼，2016年的考试已拉上帷幕，2017年的新战役也已经打响。2016年的托福写作有什么样的新变化？2017年ETS对考生的考察又会有怎样的新趋势？笔者将从2016年的大盘点开始，带读者一步一步得出这些问题的答案。

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A. 综合写作

http://wx1/large/713fa2bagy1fcq5skwk6ej20iw04haa1.jpg▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" TITLE="朗阁考试院 ▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" />

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整体来看，综合写作的变化概括为三个字就是“没变化”：话题类别依旧保持着一贯的风格，生物、历史、考古类的题目仍旧是考试的重点所在；考题内容也并无新形式出现，阅读和听力依旧沿袭了反驳的关系；讨论话题往往还是集中在分析某一现象的成因，探究某一历史事件，判断某一事物的用途等等，很多考题甚至都能在TPO中找到原型，如【160910】（B这个人是否去过北美）与TPO28类似，【160703】（prescribedburning的优缺点）与TPO20也类似。因此在复习备考时，考生们只要打好阅读和听力基础，充分利用好TPO的题目，将答题思路练熟，一定能够从容应对综合写作。

不过值得注意的是，在2016年的考题中，小标题在阅读中的出现频率有所提高，刷过TPO的考生们一定有注意到，TPO40之后的题目就已经显现出了这个趋势，这对于考生们来说无疑是个好事，毕竟小标题的存在让考生在寻找阅读中心句的时候轻松了很多。然而考生们也不能掉以轻心，一定也要多练习没有阅读小标题的题目，保证无论考试如何考，都能正确理解阅读要点。

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B. 独立写作

2016年全年共有48场托福考试，笔者从以下几个方面对所有考题做出以下总结：

http://wx4/large/713fa2bagy1fcq5t1rb2vj20is03wq2x.jpg▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" TITLE="朗阁考试院 ▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" />

（注：上表中的旧题为往年出现过的原题，新题为2016年新出现的题目。所谓半新题是指题目具体内容是2016年新出现的，但是所考察的点跟某道往年旧题很相似）

如：【160123】Some people think that some lessons for young students (age5-8)including video games are effective ways and interesting, other people thinkthis way is distracting and waste time. What’s your opinion?实际跟【080606】Do you agree or disagree with thefollowing statement: Playing computer games is a waste of time for children.非常相近，故定义为半新题。又如：【160820】Taking a lot of time to make animportant decision is often considered as a bad quality for a person. However,some people think that it is a good quality for a person. What’s your opinion?跟【110827NA】Agree or disagree: Patience isusually not a good thing; we should take actions at once. 也其实同根同源，故也为一道半新题。）

从上表中我们不难看出：

(1). 2016年全新题目大约占全年题目的三分之一，而如果算上旧题改装后的新题，这个比例则可以达到一半，这一比例较2015年（约30%）大幅上涨；

(2). 2016年的新题几乎分散在全年，甚至1月、2月和8月的考题全部为新题或半新题，这与2015年的考情也大不相同（2015年的新题大都集中的下半年，第四季度的新题密度最高，12月全部为新题）。

2. 题目形式变化

(1). 题干更长

从2015年开始，考试的题目长度明显变长，这一趋势在2016年可谓愈演愈烈，几乎所有的新题和半新题，题干都会比较长，并且题干中往往会出现一些题目背景，如

【160109】Recently some students need to arriveto school at the early time in the morning. Some people think that starting schoolday early is a good approach to support learning; other people think thatstarting school day at the later time is a good approach to support learning.What’s your opinion?

又如

in different activities such as music lessonsor competitive sports. Some young people diverse their time in other kinds ofactivities. But other young people will spend most of their time focusing onjust one activity that is important for them. Which approach do you think isbetter?

相信关注过往年旧题的考生应该能非常明显地感受到题干长度的增加，这对于考生来说无疑至少是一种心理冲击，平时两秒钟就能看完的题目，现在可能需要十秒钟，阅读能力稍弱的考生甚至会因为句子太长而无法理解或者曲解题意。很明显，这样的变化势必对考生的理解能力提出了更高的要求。

(2). 内容更细

这一变化趋势也始于2015年，但在2016年也愈发明显，如【161016】Many schools require young children (aged 5-11) to work together in asmall group instead of working alone to learn many activities. Do you agree ordisagree that it is the best way to teach children?和【161119】Imagine that if a professor wants students to learn as much as possibleabout a project in a short period of time, is it better to work in a group oris it better to let students study alone?两道题其实在讨论的核心问题都是group study和self-study在课堂教学中的作用，这其实并不是ETS的新考题，2011年7月23日大陆考区就曾考过一题：Agree or disagree: Teachers shouldgive students more group assignments because students work more efficiently ingroups.早在2007年9月15日也曾考过一题：Agree or disagree: Havinga job to work with other people is better than having a job to work alone.可见group和alone无论是在学校还是在工作中，都是一个命题点。然而今年的两场考试，虽然都把场景设定在了学校，但是细节却完全不同，10月16日这场考试讨论的对象是5到11岁的小学生，并且提问形式还采用了绝对词型的提问方式，11月19日这场考试，题干中professor这个词提示我们所讨论的对象应该是大学生，另外还给我们设置了一个场景：学生在“最短的时间内学到最多”，这些都是考生在解题时都务必要注意的。可见ETS在出题时“心机重重”，这一趋势势必会在2017年继续持续下去，考生们更要小心谨慎。

3. 题型变化

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（注：上表中每个类型后面的两个数字分别表示考题次数和该年考频）

根据以上两张图表，不难看出事实及对比型题目一直是考试的最重点题目，其中对比型的题目在2016年考频有所上涨，而事实性题目考频则小幅下降。

(1). 对比型题目对于考生来说是审题不难但又很难写好的一类题目。考生在答题时需要注意比较明确，不能只谈一方；另外要注意题干中的细节，保证观点的准确。2016年中有一些对比题目比较含蓄，如【161105】Many university students are encouraged to study in those majors, whichhave an increase of job growth (more needed in the job market) like Science,Technology, Engineering, Math. What is your opinion about to choose thosemajors instead of what they are interested in?这是16年的一道新题。这道题目虽然不是传统的用比较级表示对比，但题干中的instead of其实已经暗示清楚，所比较的两个对象一个是符合社会需求的专业，另一个是自己喜欢但不一定符合社会需求的专业，所以考生在答题时也需要体现出两者的对比。以下是笔者给出的两个支持方的Sample Paragraphs【disagree】:

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First off,interest can help students achieve greater success in their area. If onechooses a major in the light ofwillingness and enthusiasm, no matter whether the major is hot in the labormarket or not, s/he will put in moretime and effort to fixate on thededuction and memorization of complicated formulasor theorems, thus getting clearer onhow to put theoretical knowledge intopractical use and to solve realistic problems. In contrast, without greatinterests, even if one majors in math or engineering, which caters to the needs of the society,s/he would find it difficult to concentrate on what s/he is learning, or to take every assignment and exam seriously, and would possibly graduatewithout an outstanding school report, find an average job and be a commonemployee. What’s worse, s/he may be dwellingon the regretful university life later in life: why not choose what s/helikes in the best time of life. (158 words)

Furthermore, let’s look at this issue from a broaderview: the society will benefit more if students are free to choose whatthey are fond of. Assume that the majority of students are encouraged to learnsome certain majors, let’s say eight of ten students go for math or engineer,the hottest major, how competitive willthe labor market be when they graduate? Who can even ensure that enough jobvacancies are provided by then? How much can they earn on a monthly basis?More deeply, how could other essentialareas, like art, history or anthropology develop without enough students? Whocould be held accountable for theloss of a minority languages or the halt of excavations of old cultures?The answer is conspicuous: only when everyone sticks to their own interest and make their own contribution canthe world keep being prosperous. (143 words)

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(2). 事实型题目一直是考生们比较难以下手的题目。考生在回答时首先要注意的是一定要审清题干，切莫把事实性题目当作利弊分析型。以下三个句子是一位考生作文的三个中心句：（题目为Agreeor disagree: We can learn about a person from the books and movies that personlike.【160911/121117】）

First of all, it is a kind of limitationif we only learn a person from books and movies.

Secondly, the information from booksand movies could be misleading or deceptive.

Thirdly, though we can learn a personin this way, it may be sometimes inconvenient.

读者可以先思考一下以上三个中心句，哪个是正确的中心句，哪个又是不太正确的呢？不难看出，该考生的第一个和第三个句子都在评论”learn about aperson from the books or movies he likes”的缺陷：limitation, inconvenient。而这些其实都不是题干所问的，题干只需要考生论证，从一个人所喜欢的书和电影中能否了解一个人，至于这种方法是否科学，有何优劣，其实都不是我们在文中需要讨论的。另外该考生还在文中提到“only”, 这更是有种“没有困难，制造困难也要上”无知无畏的“精神”，题干完全没有提及就不要多想。第二句中，考生说“书和电影中所流露出的信息可能是误导性的或欺骗性的。”这很明显能给读者一个信号，让读者知道，它们不能让我们了解一个人，因此这个观点应该是正确的。综上，考生在回答事实性题目时务必要审清题目。以下是笔者给出的关于此题的一个sample paragraph【Agree】:

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First of all, we can know what a person is interested in from the booksor movies s/he likes. To be specific, a person usually immersed in science fiction may be the one with great gusto in unknown mysteries. S/he would be watching every single breakthroughhuman being make very closely, be it the advancement in spaceexploration or the discovery of an ancient site. Similarly, it can be easilyconcluded that if a man is obsessed withsuspensefilms, then he will probably be concerned with social issues in daily life, especiallycriminal cases. My friend Kevin is agood example for this. As a huge fan of Sherlock, (possibly the mostsuccessful detective film these years), Kevin shows great zeal of uncoveringhow online frauds work and he even posts what he finds on Weibo to warn thepublic. (141 words)

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(3). 除此之外，2016年三选一的题型已然成了考题新贵，其实这一趋势在2015年早已显现出了一些苗头。除了考题次数的增加，2016年的六道三选一的题目中有五道都是新题，虽不会超出ETS以往的话题考察范围，但对于每一位考生来说，考场上给出一个出色的答案确实是个挑战。对于三选一的题目，考生在作答时需要注意给出选择的过程，而不能只局限在所选答案的优点论述。换言之，题干问ABC哪个最好，如果考生选A, 则需要答出选A的理由以及不选B和C的理由。如对于2016年9月25日的考题：

Your university wants to improve thequality of students’ life in the dormitory. Which would you prefer?

1. Quiet place for the study

2. Building exercise room forstudents to keep physical well-being

3. Space for entertainment (likewatching movies)

假设考生选择1, 则先回答为什么不选2和3, 再说为什么选择1（也可先说为什么选1,再说为什么不选2和3）。以下是笔者给出的两个Sample Paragraphs:

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At first glance, a fitness room seems to be a place where studentscan strengthen their muscles andmaintain in good shape; the easy access to treadmills and other body-buildingfacilities may cater to all boarders. Butthe thing is, there’s no necessary to do this. Jogging on the playground oraround the campus can not only servethe students in the same way, but also provide them with opportunities to go closer to the nature. And since thefitness equipment in this room would not be as professional as that in agymnastic or a sports center on campus, there’sno need for students to go there. They can also do the same exercise by doing push-ups or dumbbell exercise in their own room after all. So a fitness roommay not be necessary for students and also not a luring space for me. (145words)

However, the quiet place for study is thatI yearn most for. I’m fed up withqueuing up in earlymorning and waiting outside the library for the doors to open; especially whenthe final exams are around the corner,hardly can I find a seat in the library. I’m also hoping that one day I couldhave a place to stay up late to get my projects done, without going out of my way to step out, rushfor an all-night café in the cold winter, and to pay for several cups of coffeeand feeling worn out when returningback to the dorm. Of course, neitheran exercise nor entertainment roomcan be a substitute for a quietplace in the dormitory building which can offer us a place to read books andstudy with ease. Students can alsoachieve more in terms of academic performance.(148 words)

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其他几种题型的考频相对来说没有太大变化。

(1). 传统的单一事物的利弊分析往往是考生们比较擅长的考试题型，其考频有所下降。新的一年考生需要做的则是注意题干中出现的新细节，新变化，如笔者前面所提，不要只考虑题干中要讨论的关键词，还要注意题干中隐藏的讨论背景。如【161015】Agree or disagree: Young peopleshould try several different jobs before they take a long-term career.以下是笔者给出的一个Sample Paragraph【Disagree】:

Furthermore,attempting too many jobs will hinder the employees from being experienced. Justimagine that after doing computer programming for two years you change yourmind to be an estate agent; and several months later you quit the second joband think an illustrator will be suitable for you. You can easily imagine howmuch experience you can accumulate for each job in these years and you canproperly anticipate how much salary you can get when you are in your 30s. Incontrast, no matter what you do, you are possibly able to be a professional ifsticking to it. Which way is better for one's future? The answer has alreadyproven self-evident.

(2). 绝对词、今昔对比以及因果逻辑的题目考试的次数和比重都没有太大的变化，题目一般都是往年旧题，新题的考察思路如前文所说，相信考生只要能够熟悉思路，多刷机经一定能够从容应对。笔者就【161016】Many schools require young children(aged 5-11) to work together in a small group instead of working alone to learnmany activities. Do you agree or disagree that it is the best way to teachchildren?这道前文已经提及过的半新题目给出一个Sample Paragraph【Agree】:

Furthermore, group work can instill a sense of collaboration in these young children. Whenstudents are assigned in a team, they will gradually realize that every memberin this team including themselves are shoulderingdifferent responsibilities. And only when they make concerted efforts with no one dropping the ball can they get a positive outcome. For example, asuccess poster can only be done perfectly with the relative information fullycollected, the poster beautifully designed together, then tasks in the makingprocess, like drawing and writing, properly distributed. Everyone in this teammay know the importance of working together and feel a sense of belonging andachievement when the poster is done and when they present this poster to thewhole class. This sense built in an early age will definitely exert profound effect ontheir futurelife. (139 words)

在回答绝对词型的题目时，很多同学比较习惯用反驳的方式来证明命题错误，如此题说groupstudy不是最好的教学方法。如果反驳的话，往往可以一段用来承认命题方法是一种好方法，然后再来说命题方法的缺陷，再给出其他更好的方法，这无疑是一种正确的做法。不过这种绝对词型的题目也完全可以用同意的思路来答，但要注意在回答过程中要体现出题干所说的“最”。上面的段落中，笔者只是证明了题干中的方法很好，但这一个段落里并看不出来这种方法是“the bestway”, 因此下一个自然段可以用让步来点明这个“最”。如：

Of course, some may argue that better approachesexist to get children better educated. For example, doing assignmentsindependently can enable children to think independently, rather than being a free rider in a team. Anddirect lecturing can also be a more targeted way which helps avoid the waste oftime spent on irrelevant discussion. Despitethis, tons of studies have shown that thevery goal of primary school lies more inthe formation of some good qualities other than mere academic knowledge.And these qualities include creativity and the sense of cooperation. Therefore,it is definitely no exaggeration to saythat infusing these young studentswith teamwork should be the best way to educate young students. (117 words)

http://wx2/large/713fa2bagy1fcq5u7sopqj20iu053aa2.jpg▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" TITLE="朗阁考试院 ▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" />

从上表中可以看出，独立写作的话题在2016年中，相较于2015年并没有发生太大的变化，社会和教育类话题依旧是考试重点，具体的子话题也基本保持稳定，依旧是围绕着教育方式、工作、休闲、娱乐等方面。因此在话题方面，考生大可不必担心因话题变化而带来的表达难度增加。

3

http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/nLUcDmvPa3H2epeZdHpWKAXUgyjSr9vyWxdVicBvr8jFNib17c4CNmJ9RSqqHf8S3aeOaojgic9Ou2tZBoktD6Pog/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1▏2016托福写作大盘点及考题分析" />

C. 2017年考试趋势

从上文2016年的考试盘点中不难看出，在2017年，综合写作部分应该还会继续保持着前一年的考试难度，考试话题内容应该也不会有太大改变。而独立写作一定会沿袭2016年的变化趋势，新题的比例估计会只增不减，而考题形式上的改变也一定会继续出现在2017年的考试中。对于这些新变化，考生们其实不需要太过担心，只要多积累话题相关的语料表达，多刷往年真题，多关注自己身边的生活，即使遇到新题，也一定能够成为一个大显身手的战场。所以2017，你准备好了吗？

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