Grammar: 虚拟语气

A. Translate the following sentences into English!

1. 要是你在10分钟前进入聊天室的话, 你就知道我们在谈些什么了.

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. 如果我在英国结婚,我会得到客人的礼物.

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. 如果你来到了文莱,你进别人家门之前得脱鞋.

_______________________________________________________________________________

B. 语气(mood)  概念：一种动词形式，用以_____________________________。

在英语中随着说话人意图的不同，动词需用不同的形式，称为语气。英语语气有三种：

1. _____________用来叙述事实或提出疑问.广泛用于陈述句,疑问句,感叹句.

E.g. :  I will come tomorrow.

2.______________是说话人用来向对方下达命令,指示提出要求,劝告等所用的动词形式.主要用于祈使句.    E.g. ;  Don’t write in your book.

3.___________是说话人为表达一种假设,或一种主观愿望,即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非真实或仅是主观设想时所用的动词形式.

 

虚拟语气的关键是什么？   _________________________________

高中英语需要掌握的知识：

1.一般条件句中虚拟语气的用法         2.名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法

3.几种特殊结构中虚拟语气用法         4.一般条件句中虚拟语气的倒装

5. 错综时间条件句与含蓄条件句        6. 虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定

 

C.一般条件句中的虚拟：

①与现在事实相反：

1. 假如我有更多的时间，我就会学习德语。_______________________________________

2. 要是我像你一样年轻,我就会找时间锻炼. ________________________________________         

总结：   If sb were/did … ,  sb would/could/might /should do …

②与过去事实相反：

1) 如果他抓紧时间，他本来能赶上那趟火车。________________________________________

2) 如果你昨天告诉他，他也许会提些建议了。______________________________________

总结：If sb had been/done…, sb  would/could/might have done…

If I _______________busy last night, I ________________   to see the film with you.

If he______________ more carefully, he_______________   the car accident yesterday.

③与将来事实相反：

1) 如果明天我有时间，我一定会帮助你的。 ________________________________________

2)如果我明天数学考试不及格，我就得在期末重考了。________________________________________________________________

3)如果他明天过来的话，我就会和他谈谈。____________________________________________________________________

总结：If…was/were/did/should/were to…, …would/should/might do…

D．条件句中虚拟语气的倒装 

 if 虚拟条件句中有______, ________或________时，______可以省略，将should, had 或were__________。

1）  If you should make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.

→_____________________,  you should not be embarrassed

2 ) If you had told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.

→_____________________, I would not have this problem now.

3) If you were to take the train, you would be there much sooner.

→_____________________, you would be there much sooner.

注意: 如果省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式.

我们可以说: Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但是不能说: Weren’t it for …

____ she ____ yesterday, she would meet the famous singer today.

A.     Hadn’t;  left  B. Had; not left   C. If;  didn’t leave    D.  Didn’t; leave

E．错综时间条件句

概念：当条件状语从句所表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间____________时,被称为“错综时间条件句”。在这种情况下，我们切不可照搬某种形式，而应该按照句中所表述的时间关系，再选择相应的虚拟形式。

1. If the flower had been watered, it ______ now.

A. wouldn’t die    B. is dead   C. had been dead         D. will not die

2. If his television set had not been stolen yesterday, he ______ TV now.

A. would watch   B. would have watched    C. would be watching      D. is watching

3. If you ________________(study) hard before, you __________(be) a college student now and you _______________(graduate) from a college in four years time.

 

练习：

1. Everything         if Albert hadn’t called the fireman.

A. will be destroyed             B. will have been destroyed

C. would be destroyed           D. would have been destroyed

2. The business is risky. But ______, we would be rich.

A. should we succeed    B. we should succeed  C. might we succeed   D. would we succeed

3. What would have happened, ________, as far as the river bank?

A.   Bob had walked farther    B.   if Bob should walk farther

C.   had Bob walked farther    D.   if Bob walked farther

4. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.

A. would lend    B. would have lent   C. could lend     D. may have lent

5. ______ today, he would get there by Friday. 

A. Was he leaving     B. If he leaves   C. Were he to leave   D. If he is leaving

6. Supposing this ship            , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?  

A. were to sink    B. has sunk    C. was sinking   D. sunk

7.----You can ask your brother for help.----He isn’t at home. If he ____, I ___.

A.     were, would    B. is, would   C.  is, will     D. were, will

8. —— Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?

  —— No, but if I _____ time, I ______________very glad to go there.

A. have, will be   B. had had, would have been   C. had, would be   D. had had, would be

F.含蓄条件句：

概念：句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用某他手段或方式来暗示存在虚拟条件。其虚拟的结构形式通过主句来表现。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的方式有：

1）介词或介词短语（代替状语从句）：but for（要不是…），without（假若没有…），with（假若有…）

With you help，I __________________(finish) the work ahead of time.

Without air and water，there _____________(be) no living things on the earth.

But for the rain，we ________________(have) a pleasant journey.

What would you do with a million dollars?

2）用or，otherwise(否则)，等类似转折词

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I _______________ _ (know) nothing about it.

I was ill that day. Otherwise，I ______________________    (join) the sports meeting.

3）根据上下文语境来表示某种假设情况

Five minutes earlier and you  ______________  (meet) her at the station. 

You ________________ (do) better，but you didn’t try you best.

G:虚拟语气的其他用法

l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：

㈠在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用______________结构，其中____________, 表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。

It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.

It is (was) important ( necessary, natral, strange,…...) that…

㈡表示建议，命令的主语从句中，也用虚拟语气：

It is (was) suggested (desired,ordered, required,proposed,…….)that…

㈢ It is (was) a pity (a shame , no wonder,….)that …

Should在此类句型中可理解为表示“应该，必须”或“惊讶、遗憾，不以为然”等语气。

①形容某件应该做的事是“必需的”、“重要的”、“适当的”、“自然的”、“紧迫的”等。如：important，necessary，unnecessary，strange，natural，possible，impossible，fortunate，advisable，desirable，essential。

②形容某件居然发生的事令人“惊讶的”“失望的”“可怕的”“好笑的”等。如：surprising，amazing，pleasing，dreadful，funny

③表明某事是一种遗憾。如：a pity，a shame，no wander

It’s strange that he _________________(act) toward his parents like that.（竟然会）

It’s surprising/amazing/pleasing/that she____________(win)the first prize.（居然会）

It’s strange that he_____________(leave)without telling us.  (竟然会)

It’s natural that she ____________(make) such a mistake.（不以为然的语气，“会”）

It’s a pity/a shame/no wonder that our team __________(lose) the game.（遗憾或不以为然的语气，竟“会”）

2、在宾语从句中的用法： insist, order，command , propose， suggest，advise, demand，，request，request, ask,  desire, recommend等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。

如: I demand that he_____________(answer) me immediately.

注意: 当suggest表示________,________时,不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气.

The smile on her face suggested that she _________satisfied with our work.
注意：当insist表示“__________,_______”之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气. 表示“___________，_____________”用虚拟语气。

The man insisted that he ______________(steal) the money.

我们可以用“一二三四”法巧记这些动词：“一、二、三、四”法，即一个坚持（insist），两个命令（order，command），三个建议（suggest，propose，advise）, 四个要求（demand，require, request ,ask）。
3、在同位语从句和表语从句中的用法：advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中:

My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evening.

4、wish的用法

①与现在事实相反, 用were或动词的一般过去式;

 I wish she ____________(be)here.               

②与过去事实相反, 用had+过去分词;    

I wish she ___________(take)my advice    I wish I__________________(never stop) teaching.

③用与将来事实相反 would/could/might+动词原形,后的从句不能用should.:

I wish you ______________(go) with us tomorrow. 

I wish they______________(let) us get some sleep.

5、用在would rather, had rather 后的宾从中谓语动词应用过去时或过去完成时：

I would rather you were not here.    I had rather you had been present.

6、在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。

Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.。

7、由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。

He treated me as if I were a stranger.  She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.

注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。

8. in case，for fear that引导的状语从句中，表示“唯恐，以免”，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气,也可以由unless，on condition that等引导。

She took the raincoat with her in case she should be caught in rain. 

 The student is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.

 He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.

在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly.

9、It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.    It is high time that the children should go to bed.。

10、用在If only句型中，意思是“要是…就好了”。

Look at the terrible situation I am in!   If only I had followed your advice.

 

only if表示"只有"   I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

11、在含有if it were not for 或if it had not been for 条件句的虚拟语气中.

If it were not for the rain, the crops would die   

 If it had not been for your help, we could not have finished the work ahead of time
12、may须置于句首,表示“祝愿”"但愿时， “may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它”。

May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风！May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻！

May you be happy!  祝你快乐！              May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

13、intend，hope，want，plan，mean等表示“希望、想法、意图”，常用过去完成时态或不定式的完成式表示与过去事实相反的虚拟。

I had meant to go to the party，but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech.

I had intended to have helped you，but I was very busy at the time.

 

 

■强化训练■

1. ____________more careful, his bus would not have knocked into the tree.

A. If the driver were　　　B. Had the driver been

C. Should the driver be　　D. If the driver would have been

2. ____________ the football competition, I would have gone to the concert yesterday.

A. In spite of　     B. But for　C. Because of　　D. As for

3. Look at the terrible situation you are in! If only you ____________ my advice!

A. listen to　　B. would listen to   C. had listened to　  D. have listened to

4. Had Henry received two more votes in the last election, he _________our monitor now.

A. must have been     B. would have been   C. were　　D. would be

5. If the athlete won today, he ________ eight races in a game.

A. would have won   B. won　　C. must have won　   D. did have won

6. It is time that our mayor ____________measures to protect the poor in the street.

A. takes　 B. took　　C. has taken　   D. taking

7. If I had read the report, I _______ you all about it now.

A. would tell　　 B. will tell　　C. have told　　   D. would have told

8. — It’s a pity you didn’t won the competition. — ___________ I had had more practice.

A. If only     B. As if           C. If not        D. As with

9. We demanded that we __________ of any change in the plan.

 A. informed       B. would be informed      C. be informed          D. had been informed

10. It’s necessary that he _________ a recognized qualification.

A. has       B.have        C. had     D. having

11. It's high time we ____________ our attention to this problem.

A. turned       B. turn                C. had turned             D. would turn

12. If only you __________ him what I said!  Everything would have been all right.

A. didn't told      B. hadn't told            C. would not tell      D. would have not told

13. He must have had an accident or he____________ here then.

A. would have been     B. had been    C. should have been    D. could be

14. Much labor would have been saved if the electronic computers_____________ before.

A. had invented      B. were invented  C. should have been invented   D. had been invented

15. _____________ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.

 A. Were they to         B. Could they      C. If they         D. Would they

16. Five minutes earlier, and we ____________ the last bus.

A. had caught       B. should have caught    C. could have caught   D. caught

17. You ____________ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.

 A. shouldn't have washed B.mustn't have washed C.can not have washed D. needn't have washed

18.---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?

   ----Yes, but I _____ busy doing my homework..

A. Was    B. were    C. had been    D. would be

19. It was essential that the application forms ______back before the deadline

  A. must be sent         B. would be sent    C. be sent                  D. were sent

20. It is important that we ________.

  A. shall close the window before we leave       B. will close the window before we leave

  C. must close the window before we leave        D. close the window before we leave