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名词性从句

引导词

1.      连词：that, whether, whether…or, if. 名词性从句中，连词只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。

2.      连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等。 连接代词除了起连接作用，还在从句中担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。

3.      连接副词：when, where, why, how。这些词除了连接作用，还在从句中充当状语。

类型

一、主语从句

1.主语从句在复合句中充当主语，其位置与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同，通常放在主句谓语动词之前。当从句过长，显得头重脚轻时，则由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

That we shall be late is certain.

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.

What’s done is done.

Whichever you want is yours.

How this happened is not clear to anyone.

When we arrive doesn’t matter.

 

◆ whether(or not)可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句且后后面不加or not。

    e.g. Whether(≠If) he can achieve it or not remains to be seen.

        I wonder whether/if I should attend the conference.

◆ that引导主语从句位于句首时，虽不充当成分，但不可省略.如果it作形式主语,而that从句置于句末, 这时that可以省略。

    e.g. That he has lost his job is true.

        It is true (that) he has lost his job.

2.用it 作形式主语的的主语从句结构的四种常见用法。It作形式主语时，句子一般不能改写为真正主语放句首。

(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

It is a fact that…                      事实是…

It is an honor that…                    …非常荣幸

It is a universal truth that…             …地球人都知道

It is a shame that...                   …是羞耻的

It is a great pity that...                …是一大遗憾

 

e.g. It is a must for realization of sustainable development that a society conserves traditional cultures. 要实现可持续发展，社会就必须保护传统文化。

    It is a common belief that language is the vehicle of culture, so killing a language is killing a culture. 人们普遍认为，语言是文化的载体，因此扼杀语言等同与扼杀文化。

 

(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

It is essential that…                   有必要…

It is desirable that...                 ……是最好不过的

It is strange that…                    奇怪的是…

It is noticeable that...                  很明显，……

e.g. It is essential that a society should reject/abandon its traditions if it wants to make progress. 一个社会如果想要进步，抛弃传统很重要。

   It is helpful for enhancing the public's taste that they look at some witty works of advertising. 看某些诙谐的广告作品有助于提高公众的品位。

   It is evident that fewer and fewer children in Guangzhou can speak authentic Cantonese. 显然，越来越少广州小孩子能讲地道的广州话了。

   It is vital for youngsters' mental and physical growth that they are kept away from violence and pornography. 让青少年远离暴力和色情对他们的身心成长至关重要。

 

(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

It seems that…                       似乎…

It appears that…                      看来…

e.g. It seems that Kathy has had him entirely at her feet. Kathy好像完全使他拜倒在她的石榴裙下。

 

(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

It is reported that…                    据报道…

It is well known that…                 地球人都知道…

It is suggested that…                   建议…

It is generally held that...                人们普遍认为……

It has been proved that...                已证实……

e.g. Now it is widely acknowledged that the countries with different cultural systems can coexist peacefully. 现在人们广泛承认，不同文化系统的国家可以和平共处。

    It is reported that gambling can bring us a substantial increase in crime.

据报道，赌博会给我们带来大幅度增长的犯罪。

It’s suggested that we (should) comply with the regulation. 我们最好遵守规则。

 

主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况

◆ if引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首。

It is doubtful if/ whether most present languages are truly on the brink of extinction.是否大多数现存的语言真的处于濒危状态这一点颇有疑问。

Whether they will succeed depends on how hard they try.

能否成功取决与他们的努力程度。（不可用if）

◆ It is said/reported/estimated...结构中的主语从句不可提前。

It is said that English is the dominant language in cyberspace.

据说英语是网络世界中最流行的语言。

◆ It happens..., It occurs...结构中的主语从句不能提前。

It occurs to parents and educators that TV has been a successful destroyer of children's healthy mental development.

父母和教育专家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的健康发展。

◆ It doesn't matter how/whether/if...结构中的主语从不可提前。

It doesn't matter if I miss the train.   赶不上火车也没关系。

 

◆ 主语从句“ It is /was… that… ”  VS 强调句型

    “it”引导的强调句是用来对剧中某一成分加以强调。结构是：It is(was) + 强调部分 + that(who)。在正式英语中，无论强调哪部分，都要求用连接词that。但一般情况下，如果被强调的主语时“人”，也可以用who。其他一律用that。其判别方法是：去掉强调句式结构或经过语序调整后，原句仍成立。这也是强调句型与主语从句及其它句式的重要区别之一。

 

 二、宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。

   1. 作动词的宾语

I suggest that we （should） go the next day.

Much evidence shows that abolishment of capital punishment/death penalty can prevent serious offences.

I wonder whether the practice can hold water(or not).

Experts predict that half of the world’s languages will be extinct in 100 year.

Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time.

    ◆ 常跟连接代词that引导的宾语从句的动词有：command, admit, doubt, explain, imagine, expect, request, propose, suppose, insist, notice……

    ◆ 常跟连接代词及连接副词及whether（if）引导宾语从句的动词有：wonder, advise, discover, find out, question, understand, inquire……

   2. 作介词宾语

      We were all excited at what she informed us.

      He was curious about whatever he came across in that country.

    ◆ 这类介词常见的有：be interested in, be delighted with, depend on, lie in, be satisfied with, be pleased with, be curious about, be excited at, be afraid of, be disappointed at, be content with……

    ◆ 在“介词+ it + that”这种结构中，it可以被看作是that从句的先行词。

      e.g. I’ll see to it that everything is ready on time.

   3. 作形容词宾语

      He is honored that he became a party member.

      I am afraid (that) we’ve already been left.

    ◆ 常见的形容词有：sure, anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, content……

   4. it作形式宾语的宾语从句

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中，此时that不可省略。

◆ 代替不定式短语

 We think it necessary to create more job vacancies for college graduates.

 Spacecraft makes it possible to travel to the outer space.

◆ 代替动名词短语

I consider it no use arguing with them.

He feels it great harm watching too much TV.

◆ 代替宾语从句

We consider it our obligation/duty that traditional values should be passed down to our next generations.

We think it a great cultural loss that aboriginal tribes give up their cultures, including their languages.

5. 否定的转移

   若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。

  I don’t think this practice can bear close examinations.

 

注意点

    ◆ 一般that引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中常常省略。

     I am afraid (that) you’ll have to wait.

     I guess (that) somebody else has taken it.

◆ 从句前面有插入语时，引导词 that不能省略。

She may tell you，for example，that she is interested in Chinese.

◆ 如果有两个并列的宾语从句，第二个从句的引导词that也不能省略。

Mr. Read said（that）he taught English in a middle school in Beijing and that he came from Australia．

◆ 在省略答语中，that宾语从句单独出现时，that不可省略

——What did he say？

That he would visit the great wall.

◆ 时态问题：主句中的谓语动词对从句中的谓语动词有制约的作用。一般来说，主句中的谓语动词如果是一般现在时，那么宾语从句可根据需要，选用任何一种时态。

I don’t know when he left.

She said she had finished the work.

 如宾语从句表示的是客观真理、自然现象、科学原理等时，宾语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制，用一般现在时。

The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.

 

三、表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem, appear等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。

The question is whether we can save endangered languages in such a short time.

But the fact remains that language extinction is a natural evolutional process.

This is why TV commercials are regarded as rubbish.

 

表语从句还可以由as if/as though, because, as引导。

It looks as if it is going to rain.

It may be because this task is really too tough.

 

四、同位语从句

     同位语从句用于表示名词的内容，对其加以解释。其特点是由“抽象名词+that从句”构成，引导词一般式that，而且that在从句中不充当成分。常见的抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor(谣言), hope, truth, belief, message, word, rule, thought, dream, feeling……

     The view that language extinction will give rise to (lead to/result in) cultural disaster is an exaggeration.

     There is increasing recognition that learning can take place outside the classroom and is a lifelong experience.

     There is possibility that in the near future few young people can really appreciate traditional arts form such as Peking opera and puppet show.

 

 

 

定语从句

定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。关系词既起着联系主句与从句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担任一定的语法成分，如主语、宾语、定语和状语等。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。

关系代词： that, which, who, whose, whom等；

关系副词： where, when, why等

 

关系词	代替 功能	在从句中的作用	例句
Who	代替人	主语	Pet raising can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind(有同情心、爱心的人)
		宾语	The man who/whom you met yesterday is my uncle. (who作定从宾语一般只出现在口语中)
		表语	He is no longer the man who/that he used to be. (一般表语是用that而少用who)
Whom	代替人	动词宾语	Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting? (作动词宾语常可省略)
		介词宾语	A patient to whom doctors tell white lies may enjoy a longer life. （作介词宾语只能用Whom，不能用that或who）
Whose (=of whom/ which）	代替人	从句中某名词的定语	A doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.
	代替物		The room whose window faces the south is mine.
That	代替人	主语	The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.
		宾语	Is this teacher the teacher that you talked about yesterday? （经常可省略）
		表语	He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.
	代替物	主语	Cheating and misleading materials that appear in ads have been strongly criticized.
		宾语	Is this the photo that you took last summer? （经常可省略）
		表语	My hometown is not a polluted place that you think it to be.
Which	代替物	主语	Military life creates hero worship which may do harm to youngsters.
		宾语	The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作介宾只能用which，不用that）
		表语	She was fond of dancing, which her brother never was.

 

◆ 在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。以下九种情况一般只用that，不用which。

1.被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 等。例如：
1) We should do all that we can do to help them.
2) There’s nothing that can be done now.
3) Do you mean the one that was sold yesterday?
2.先行词被only, any , few, little, no, all, one of , just, very等词修饰时。
4) The only thing that we could do was to wait.

5) You can choose any one you like.
6) That’s the very word that I want to say.

7) This is one of the presents that my parents gave me on my birthday.
3.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
8) When we talk about China, the first that comes into mind is the Great Wall.
9) This is the fourth article that he has written this term.
4.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

10) The most important thing that should be done now is to stop him from going on.

11) This is the best that we can offer now.
5.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不合适，这时宜用that。
12) They talked about the things and people that they remembered at school.
13) The bike and its rider that had run over an old woman were taken to the police.
6.被修饰词为数词时。
14) Yesterday he caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.
7.如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
15) Mr. Brown built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
8.主句是There be 结构，修饰其主语(物)的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。
16) There’s still a room that is free.
9.被修饰成分为表语，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。

17) That’s a good thing that will do you a lot of good.
18) Our school is no longer the place (that)it used to be.

 

◆定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况
1.当关系代词前面有介词时。
1) A library is a place from which books can be borrowed.
2) Is this the place in which Mr. White was born?

2.在非限制性定语从句中。
3) Jack's house, which was now very old , was brought down in the storm.
4) More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.
3.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
5) Let me show you the toy dog that I bought from the shop which was newly open to people.
6) At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.
4.当关系代词后面带有插入语时。
7) Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

 

◆定语从句中修饰人时宜用who而不宜用that的情况
1.先行词为one, ones, anyone 或those时。
1) The person I admire most is one who studies hard and works well.
2) Anyone who comes to class late must give his reason.
3) God only helps those who help themselves.
4) I don’t like the ones (=those) who talk big.
2.在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。
5) There’s a lady who wants to speak to you on the phone.
6) There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.
3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
7) I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who knew here very well.
***一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个则宜用who,以免重复。
8) The student that was praised by the schoolmaster is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.

 

关系词	代替 功能	在从句中的作用	例句
When(=at, on, in, during which)	时间 名词	时间状语	I shall never forget the day when (on which) we moved into our new house.
Where(=in, at, on which)	地点名词	地点状语	This is the place where (at which) Jack parks his car.
Why(for which)	指代原因	原因状语	He didn’t know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.

   

“As”引导的定语从句

◆ as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，可以充当主语，宾语和表语或者状语；在这种用法中它经常和such, so, the same等词搭配使用；且当先行词中有such, so, the same等词修饰时，关系代词通常必须用as。常搭配结构有（the...same as, such...as, so...as）

1) I have never seen such kind of girl as she is. (as作表语)

2) I have never heard such stories as he tells. (as作宾语)

3) Here are such questions as are often asked by the college students. (as作主语)

4) I came the same day as she left. (as作时间状语)

5) He didn’t believe such reason as she did so. (原因状语)

◆ as引导非限制性定语从句的时候，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。一般用于以下等结构：as we all know, as is known to us all, as it is, as is said above, as already mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper， as may be imagined, as often happens, as can be seen, as indeed it is……as在非限制性定语从句中可作主语、表语或者宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可以是句子中间，通常用逗号隔开。其意思为“正如……”，“就像……”。

1）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as/which was often the case. (as作主语)

2）As we all know, the moon travels around the earth.(as作宾语)

3）He is absorbed in/engaged in/engrossed in work, as/which he often was.(as作表语)

注意点

① which在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和as一样的功能，可以代替整个句子，但which只能用在主句之后。
②在as所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果运用的是被动语态结构，be动词可以省略；但which没有此用法，be动词不可省。

例如:She married him，which was unexpected.＝She married him as（was） unexpected.她嫁给了她，这一点大家都没有料到。（作主语，代替前面的句子；用which时was不可省。）

◆ 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

     (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.

（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.

（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）