Psychology: Social Cognition

前一个日志intro to psy 我在网上看到了一个超级牛人叫陈州老树的人的笔记，特别详细，以后看他的那个就可以了，有时间给转载过来哈~~

在MEET看的过程中自己打出来了部分东西，打出来了记忆就会更加深刻一点。讲的好多啊，累屎了。。

第一课基本讲的是这节课怎么上，最后考试什么的，很多种作业，跟咱们基本没什么关系哈。

Book: 1. Social cognition from brain to culture

      by Susan Fiske at Princeton and Shelly Taylor at UCLA

      2. Social Mindscapes  by Eviatar Zerubavel (he characterizes as an introduction to Cognitive Sociology)

      3. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon

      It’s a slander mystery that is extensively written from the point of view if an artistic child.A child who doesn’t have any social cognition capacities extensively. That’s one theory of Autism as we will discuss later.

      这本书以一个自闭症儿童的视角，讲述了一个神秘的故事。这个孩子没有任何社会认知能力。这是孤独症的一个理论，我们以后会讲到。

      What I want you to do is to use this novel as a vehicle for thinking about what social cognition buys you and what it doesn’t buy you in terms of social relationships. One of the ways which we find out what the function of something is to look at what happens when it’s not there, a

      教授想让你们通过这本书作为一个媒介，思考社会认知在社会关系方面给你带来了什么，没有给你带来什么。要发现某个事物的用处方法之一就是找出如果那个事物不存在会怎么样。

期中考试 期末考试 都是简答题，非常简单，考概念

小组讨论

小论文 分享想法

要求九次发帖提问，批判性思考

This is a cognitive science course, but it’s basically a psychology course as well, psychology is part if cognitive science. And what psychology is all about is mental life, psychology is a science that tries to understand how your mind works, tries to understand the nature of mental structure and processes, which come in three basic forms, cognitive structure and processes having to do with knowledge and belief; Emotional structures and processes that have to do with feelings and effects and moods; and motivational structures and processes that have to do with individuals, desires, and goals and intentions.

教授介绍了心理学主要是研究人类心理结构和活动的。分为，认知，情感和动机三类。

psychology is sometimes sorted out as a behavioral science, because in one sense, the goal of psychology is not just to figure out how the mind works, bu also to explain behavior; but the psychological analysis of behavior has a particular quality to it, which is that a psychological analysis of behavior always refers to the mind of the individual.

行为科学 主要是要解释行为 心理学的行为研究总是关注人的心理

Psychologists always explain behavior in terms of the individual’s mental structures and processes. That’s a level of analysis that’s quite different from the way a biologist would explain behavior. Biologist would explain behavior in terms of synaptic transmission and muscles and flow of endocrines from the blood stream and genes and all sorts of things like that.

心理学家总是从个人的心理结构和过程出发来解释他的行为。这和生物学家揭示行为的角度截然不同。生物学家通过神经突触传导肌肉血流与内分泌流\以及基因等等角度来解释性行为。

It’s quite different from the way a sociologist or anthropologist would explain behavior. S and A would explain with reference to social structures and social processes: “he did this because he is of lower class”. Psychological explanations of behavior always refer to the individual’s mind, the individual’s cognition, emotion and motivation.

教授列举心理学家解释问题与生物学家、人类学家等的不同。心理学家总是关注个人的精神状态、个人的认知情绪和动机。

Cognitive psychology is a major subfield within psychology and deal primarily with questions about knowledge and belief.Where dies the knowledge come from? What kind of beliefs do we have?  How are our beliefs structured? And all of that.

认知心理学是心理学的主要分支之一主要研究关于知识和信仰的问题。并举了一些例子

If you look through the table of contents of a basic cognitive psychology textbook you will see chapters that look like these. Typically, cognitive psychology begins with problems of sensation and perception, because the whole idea behind psychology historically is that a great deal of our knowledge is acquired through experience. So you wanna know something about the cognitive structures that allow us to have experiences of the objects and events in the world.

认知心理学主要的知识是由经验获得的。

Cognitive psychology also includes references, discussion of learning--- how we acquire knowledge through experience; memory--- how knowledge stored and represented in the mind. thinking--- a broad term : that refers to all sorts of ways we use knowledge: reasoning, problem-solving, judgment, decision-making, not only using knowledge but also transforming knowledge and generating knowledge through the same kinds of thought processes.

认知心理学包括：学习即如何从经验中获取知识，记忆即知识如何在脑海中存储和重现，思维，这是个宽泛的术语，指的是使用知识的各种方式。包括思考、解决问题、判断、决策，不仅是使用知识。还有通过相同的思考过程来转换知识以及产生知识。

Language is part of the domain of cognitive psychology. First, because we use language as a tool for thought, we use language as a means of representing knowledge, but also we use language as a vehicle for communicating what we know to other people.

In social cognition, one of the primary ways in which we have of knowing one another person is thinking, feeling and wanting.

教授说语言是认知心理学的主要部分。人们的想法感觉和需要是要靠说表达出来的。这不是我们唯一的方式，但是一种方式。

Social cognition just like every any other aspect of cognition, develops. There is an idea that children in some ways may think differently than adults do; order adults may have the cognitive abilities or lack cognitive abilities that younger adults do. So we have the development trajectory to cognition that has to be thought about.

Individual differences in cognition, like individual differences in intelligence are also part of cognitive psychology.

Finally, because psychology is both a social science interested in problems of knowledge and meaning it’s also a biological science interested in the biological substrates of mind and behavior.

Social psychology has many of the same kinds of properties, but if psychology is the science of mental life, ok?And if  cognitive psy focuses on one aspect of mental life., problems of knowledge and belief, social psychology tries to connect the individual level pf analysis to the social world outside the individual. Social psychology is primarily concerned with the relationship between mental structures and processes that reside in the mind. of the individual and structures and processes that exist in the social world outside the individual.

就是我们的想法、感受和目标如何被我们身边的人、我们的风俗习惯、或者其他类型的社会结构所影响成型。

Social psychology and cognitive psychology come together with the problem of social cognition.

社会心理学和认知心理学结合到了一起就引起了社会认知问题。

We are bringing those two major subfields of psychology together.

这个可主要就是把这两个子领域结合在一起。这就是关于社会认知的两个我们项重点谈到的两个方面。

Next week:

the general idea that social behavior is cognitively meditated, that our interactions with other people are meditated. by our knowledge and beliefs about the social domain: How we perceive other people? What we remember from pervious encounters with them? That’s what social cognition is all about.

社会行为被认知影响, 我们与他人的交往被我们关于社会领域的知识和信仰影响。我们如何理解他人？我们对他们之前的印象如何？这就是社会认知所研究的内容。