2011年3月演講，2011年9月在TED 2011上線

關於這場演講

研究顯示，塗鴉可增進我們的理解力及創意思維。那麼，為什麼我們仍會因為在會議中塗鴉被抓到而感到尷尬？Sunni Brown呼籲：塗鴉者，團結起來！她建議透過紙筆來釋放我們頭腦的潛能。

關於Sunni Brown

在她的著作《遊戲風暴》中，Sunni Brown展示了如何使用藝術和遊戲認真推動解決問題。

為什麼要聽她演講

Sunni Brown是《遊戲風暴：創新、變革及非凡思維訓練》的合著者。她以大型而生動的視覺圖像展示聞名，她也是塗鴉革命的領導者－努力破除塗鴉會使人分心的迷思。Sunni以常識、經驗與神經科學證明，塗鴉能激發整體思維。請期待她於2012年出版的第二本著作，《塗鴉革命》。

她的顧問公司BrightSpot I.D.，專精於視覺思考的及資訊設計。她於Grove管理顧問公司接受圖像引導訓練，這是一間總部位於舊金山，率先將大型視覺圖像用於商業領域的公司。Sunni共同創立了VizThink Austin網站，在她的領導下，已成為美國最大的視覺思考社群。

Sunni Brown的英語網上資料

Home: sunnibrown.com

Twitter: @sunnibrown


Sunni Brown 談塗鴉者，團結起來！

我想跟大家談談我的故事。我大部分時間用於指導成人如何在工作中使用視覺化語言及塗鴉，所以很自然地，我遇見許多反對聲浪，因為塗鴉被認為是一種缺乏智慧且不認真的學習方式。但我並不認同那種說法，因為我知道，塗鴉對於我們處理資訊及解決問題的方式有深遠影響。

所以我很好奇，為什麼社會對於塗鴉的認知與事實有所差異，我發現了一些非常有趣的事實。舉例來說，塗鴉（doodle）這個字沒什麼正面意義－在十七世紀，doodle是指頭腦簡單的人或傻瓜－就像Yankee Doodle這首歌中所唱的一樣；在十八世紀，doodle成了一個動詞，指的是欺騙、嘲弄或取笑別人；在十九世紀，這個字代表貪污的政客；而今天，這個詞被賦予了或許是有史以來最冒犯人的定義－至少我是這麼認為，那就是，doodle的正式定義是：遊手好閒、吊兒郎當、鬼混胡鬧、塗畫毫無意義的記號，做一些沒價值、不具實用性或不重要的事，還有－我個人最喜歡的－無所事事。難怪人們不認同工作時塗鴉的行為，工作時無所事事簡直跟工作時手淫一樣，是完全不恰當的。

（笑聲）

此外，我還聽過一些更糟的故事。有些人因為在課堂上塗鴉被老師責罵，也有員工在開會時塗鴉被老闆責罵，因為存在一個強大的文化規範，認為在以上應該學習的場合中不應有塗鴉的行為。不幸的是，媒體的做法更加強了這種文化規範。當他們報導某位重要人物在會議中塗鴉的場景時，他們通常會用「發現」、「抓到」或「逮到」這類字眼，好像塗鴉是犯了什麼罪一樣。

此外，人們對於塗鴉有一種心理上的厭惡，這得感謝佛洛伊德。在1930年代，佛洛伊德提出，可藉由塗鴉分析一個人的心理狀態。這並不正確，但卻發生在布萊爾（英國首相）出席2005年達沃斯世界經濟論壇年會時。當他的塗鴉被「發現」時，人們給他貼上了這些標簽，但最後發現這其實是比爾．蓋茲的塗鴉。（笑聲）比爾，如果你在場的話，沒人會認為你是自大狂的。但這確實導致人們不願意分享自己的塗鴉。

我認為真正的、也是我所堅信的事實是，我們的文化太過注重來自於語言的資訊，幾乎完全忽略了圖像溝通的價值，我認為這麼做並不恰當，我認為必須戳破這種迷思，所以我今天來此讓大家看清事實真相。真相就是：塗鴉是一種極有用的工具，我們須牢記並重新認識這種工具。以下是塗鴉的新定義，我希望在座有跟牛津英語辭典有關的人士，因為我待會兒想跟你好好談談。

這是塗鴉真正的定義：塗鴉事實上是自發性產生、能幫助你思考的記號，這就是為什麼成千上萬人都會隨手塗鴉。關於塗鴉另一個有趣的事實是，在接收語言資訊的當下，隨手塗鴉的人比不塗鴉的人記下的資訊更多。我們認為人們注意力不集中時才會塗鴉，但事實上塗鴉可說是一種防止人們分心的預防措施。此外，塗鴉對於創意地解決問題，及深層次地處理資訊有深遠的影響。

學習者透過四種方式來吸收資訊、做出決策，包括視覺、聽覺、讀寫及實作。為了完整掌握資訊並加以運用，我們至少得使用其中兩種接收資訊的方法，或使用其中一種方法，加上自己的情緒體驗。塗鴉不可思議的好處在於它同時使用了這四種學習模式，再加上可能產生的情緒體驗。這是非常重要的貢獻－對於一個相當於無所事事的行為來說。

雖然這有點蠢，但發現這個事實簡直令我喜極而泣。所以人們做了一個關於兒童藝術能力發展的人類學研究。學者發現，在不同地區和時代，所有孩子在成長過程中，視覺邏輯的演進過程都是一致的。換句話說，他們視覺、語言的複雜性呈現相同且可預測的發展規律。我認為這很神奇，我想這說明了塗鴉是人類的天性，我們只是拒絕承認這種本能。最後，很多人不明白這一點，但塗鴉是我們一些偉大文化遺產的雛形，這是其中一個例子：這是建築師Frank Gehry繪製的阿布達比古根漢美術館草圖。

所以我的觀點是：在任何情況下，都不該禁止塗鴉的行為，無論是在教室、會議室，甚至作戰指揮部。相反地，塗鴉正應該被用於這些場合中，因為其中資訊相當密集，需要以更有效的方法處理這些資訊。我想進一步說明的是，因為塗鴉是人人都能做到的，它不像其它藝術形式那麼難以親近；塗鴉是一種讓人們獲得更高層次視覺認知能力的方式。各位，塗鴉從來就不是理性思考的天敵，事實上，它是理性思考的最佳盟友之一，謝謝。

（掌聲）

以下為系統擷取之英文原文

About this Talk

Studies show that sketching and doodling improve our comprehension -- and our creative thinking. So why do we still feel embarrassed when we're caught doodling in a meeting? Sunni Brown says: Doodlers, unite! She makes the case for unlocking your brain via pad and pen.

About the Speaker

In her book "Gamestorming," Sunni Brown shows how using art and games can empower serious problem-solving. Full bio »

Transcript
So I just want to tell you my story. I spend a lot of time teaching adults how to use visual language and doodling in the workplace. And naturally, I encounter a lot of resistance, because it's considered to be anti-intellectual and counter to serious learning. But I have a problem with that belief, because I know that doodling has a profound impact on the way that we can process information and the way that we can solve problems.

So I was curious about why there was a disconnect between the way our society perceives doodling and the way that the reality is. So I discovered some very interesting things. For example, there's no such thing as a flattering definition of a doodle. In the 17th century, a doodle was a simpleton or a fool -- as in Yankee Doodle. In the 18th century, it became a verb, and it meant to swindle or ridicule or to make fun of someone. In the 19th century, it was a corrupt politician. And today, we have what is perhaps our most offensive definition, at least to me, which is the following: To doodle officially means to dawdle, to dilly dally, to monkey around, to make meaningless marks, to do something of little value, substance or import, and -- my personal favorite -- to do nothing. No wonder people are averse to doodling at work. Doing nothing at work is akin to masturbating at work; it's totally inappropriate.

(Laughter)

Additionally, I've heard horror stories from people whose teachers scolded them, of course, for doodling in classrooms. And they have bosses who scold them for doodling in the boardroom. There is a powerful cultural norm against doodling in settings in which we are supposed to learn something. And unfortunately, the press tends to reinforce this norm when they're reporting on a doodling scene -- of an important person at a confirmation hearing and the like -- they typically use words like "discovered" or "caught" or "found out," as if there's some sort of criminal act being committed.

And additionally, there is a psychological aversion to doodling -- thank you, Freud. In the 1930s, Freud told us all that you could analyze people's psyches based on their doodles. This is not accurate, but it did happen to Tony Blair at the Davos Forum in 2005, when his doodles were, of course, "discovered" and he was labeled the following things. Now it turned out to be Bill Gates' doodle. (Laughter) And Bill, if you're here, nobody thinks you're megalomaniacal. But that does contribute to people not wanting to share their doodles.

And here is the real deal. Here's what I believe. I think that our culture is so intensely focused on verbal information that we're almost blinded to the value of doodling. And I'm not comfortable with that. And so because of that belief that I think needs to be burst, I'm here to send us all hurtling back to the truth. And here's the truth: doodling is an incredibly powerful tool, and it is a tool that we need to remember and to re-learn.

So here's a new definition for doodling. And I hope there's someone in here from The Oxford English Dictionary, because I want to talk to you later. Here's the real definition: Doodling is really to make spontaneous marks to help yourself think. That is why millions of people doodle. Here's another interesting truth about the doodle: People who doodle when they're exposed to verbal information retain more of that information than their non-doodling counterparts. We think doodling is something you do when you lose focus, but in reality, it is a preemptive measure to stop you from losing focus. Additionally, it has a profound effect on creative problem-solving and deep information processing.

There are four ways that learners intake information so that they can make decisions. They are visual, auditory, reading and writing and kinesthetic. Now in order for us to really chew on information and do something with it, we have to engage at least two of those modalities, or we have to engage one of those modalities coupled with an emotional experience. The incredible contribution of the doodle is that it engages all four learning modalities simultaneously with the possibility of an emotional experience. That is a pretty solid contribution for a behavior equated with doing nothing.

This is so nerdy, but this made me cry when I discovered this. So they did anthropological research into the unfolding of artistic activity in children, and they found that, across space and time, all children exhibit the same evolution in visual logic as they grow. In other words, they have a shared and growing complexity in visual language that happens in a predictable order. And I think that is incredible. I think that means doodling is native to us and we simply are denying ourselves that instinct. And finally, a lot a people aren't privy to this, but the doodle is a precursor to some of our greatest cultural assets. This is but one: this is Frank Gehry the architect's precursor to the Guggenheim in Abu Dhabi.

So here is my point: Under no circumstances should doodling be eradicated from a classroom or a boardroom or even the war room. On the contrary, doodling should be leveraged in precisely those situations where information density is very high and the need for processing that information is very high. And I will go you one further. Because doodling is so universally accessible and it is not intimidating as an art form, it can be leveraged as a portal through which we move people into higher levels of visual literacy. My friends, the doodle has never been the nemesis of intellectual thought. In reality, it is one of its greatest allies.

Thank you. (Applause)