I. Words and Expressions

1. integrate (L.7)

v. combining sth. in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth else 使成为一体，两者融合，构成整体

The buildings and the landscape are well integrated.  这些建筑物和周围的自然景物相融合。

Both the layout and the artwork on the website are flawless and have been smoothly integrated with the content which is clearly about the love for operas.

这个网站的版面和美工都非常完美，并与其热爱歌剧的内容自然地融合在一起。

integrate… with/ into…  combine two or more things so that they work together 使……与……成为一体

2. insight n. (L. 26)  ability to see into or sudden understanding of the true nature of st. （对某事）的洞察力，突然的领悟

The well-known opera Phantom of Opera showed insights into human character.

著名的歌剧《歌剧魅影》表现出对人性的深刻了解。

She was given an unpleasant insight into what life would be like as his wife.

她恍然大悟嫁给他就要过那种日子，心里十分难过。

insightful  adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的

an insightful remark

3. originality n. (L.41)  state or quality of being original 创新，独创性

The term “originality” is often applied as a compliment to the creativity of artists, writers, and thinkers.

“originality”这个说法一般是用作对艺术家、作家和思想家们的创造性的赞扬。

cf. novelty (L.68) / innovation (L.72) / creativeness / inventiveness

4. alternate v. (L.45)  cause (things or people) to occur or appear one after the other 使交替发生或出现；两者轮流

alternate with sth. / alternate between A and B  

The weather alternated between rain and sunshine.  时而下雨，时而天晴。

He alternated kindness with cruelty. (He was kind, then cruel, then kind again, etc.)

他恩威并行（时而和蔼可亲，时而凶狠残暴）。

5. distinguish between A and B / distinguish A from B v. (L.56)   recognize and show the difference between (people or things)  区别，辨别

It is not hard to distinguish between right and wrong.  要辨别是非，并非难事。

There are certain things such as breathing and eating, which babies can do at birth. Soon they learn to distinguish various people, and begin to make noises which seem like speech.

婴儿刚出生就能做类似于呼吸、吃等基本动作；不久之后他们就开始学习分辨不同的人，并开始发出像说话一样的声音了。

6. regard n. (L.68)  attention or care to or concern for sb./sth.  (对某人或某事) 的注意或关心   regard to/for sb./sth.

You should never drive without regard for / to speed limits.

你绝对不允许不顾速度限制而开快车。

with/ without regart to … (L. 68)  不顾，不管

in this/ that regar (L. 70) 在这/ 那方面

Kreismer says he got the inspiration when he read a study by the Scott Tissue company that two-thirds of the people who hold master’s degrees regularly read in the bathroom. Sounds intriguing. Unfortunately, we can’t confirm that great minds think alike, at least in this regard.   （尝试英译汉）

克里斯默说，他在看到斯科特纸巾公司的一项调查后灵感油然而生。那项调查声称，拥有硕士学位的人有三分之二经常在浴室里面看书。这听上去很吸引人。遗憾的是，我们无法证实英雄所见略同，至少是在这个话题上。

7. expose v. (L.79)  uncover or make sth. visible; display; make known sth. secret 显露，暴露；揭露（秘密）

As the water level sinks the stones are exposed.  水落石出。

expose sb. to sth. (L. 79)  使某人暴露于……，使某人遭受……

A teacher should expose his students to real life situations.

老师应该让学生置身于真实的生活场景之中。

8. sake n. (L.97)  benefit; advantage  利益；好处

for sb.’s /sth.’s sake  /  for the sake of sb. /sth.  (L. 97) 为……的好处着想

for God’s / goodness’ / Heaven’s / pity’s … sake  感叹语，放在表示命令、要求或恼怒的表达之前

Let’s not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds.

咱们不要为了几英镑而把工作弄糟.

Girls sometimes go shopping just for the sake of shopping.

女孩儿们有时只是为了购物而购物。

Hey! For God’s sake, please stop crying.  看在上帝的份上，别再哭了！

9. strive v. (L.97)  

a. strive for …   try very hard (to obtain or achieve sth.) 为……而努力，奋斗

It’s wrong to strive for personal fame and gain.  追求个人名利是错误的。

b. strive against / with sb./sth.  carry on a conflict; struggle  进行斗争，争斗

They strove against / with great difficulties.  他们和巨大的困难进行了斗争。

10. 注意课文里下列句中分号的使用：

1）They contain contradictory extremes；instead of being an “individual”, each of them is a “multitude”.  (L.3-5)

2）When necessary, they can focus it like a laser beam；when not, creative types immediately recharge their batteries.  (L. 16-18)

3）Being only traditional leaves an area unchanged；constantly taking chances without regard to tradition rarely leads to novelty.  (L. 66-68)

4）Without this trait, poets would give up striving for perfection and would write commercial jingles；economists would work for banks where they would earn at least twice as much as they do at universities；and physicists would stop doing basic research and join industrial laboratories where the conditions are better and the expectations more predictable.  (L.97-102)

练习用不同句型翻译“快5点半了，我们天黑前是赶不到镇子了”。

A）It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.

B）It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.

C）It is nearly half past five；we cannot reach town before dark.

11. 注意下句中either…or… 句型的运用：

We’re usually one or the other, either preferring to be in the thick of crowds or sitting on the sidelines and observing the passing show. (L. 52-54)

我们一般都二者居其一，要么偏爱呆在人群之中，要么独坐一旁，冷眼看戏。

12. 注意汉英翻译中主语的确立：

It might be difficult to do creative work with a lower IQ, but an IQ beyond 120 does not necessarily imply higher creativity.  (L. 31-33) 智商太低的人要做富有创意的工作可能比较困难，但拥有120以上的智商未必就更有创造力。

本句中的It might be difficult to do很明显是一个形式主语从句，it用来指代后面的不定式 “to do creative work with a lower IQ”。汉译英时，可译为：“智商太低的人要做富有创意的工作”。汉语的主语往往较为松散，各种成分，包括主谓结构，只要放在句子开头，都可以充当主语，但在英语中，则必需严格遵循语法规定，即必须是名词或名词性成分才可以充当。因此，在汉译英时，应注意确定，应该用什么才能做英语句中的主语。例如：

1）我知道他翻译这种诗太难了。

I know that it is too difficult for him to translate this kind of poetry.

2）语言这个东西，不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功夫不可。

The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.

3）我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。

We have won one victory after another for our cause.

4）各国人民的正义斗争都是相互扶持的。

People of the world support each other in their just struggles.

5）这件事感动了上帝，他就派了两个神仙下凡，把两座山背走了。

God was moved by this and he sent down two angels, who carried the mountains away on their backs.

II. Words & Expressions (Text B)

1. survival  n. (L. 7)  生存；幸存（者）

I'm fairly pessimistic about his survival.  我对他能存活下来相当悲观。

We need food and water for survival.  我们为了生存需要食物和水。

2. opt for (L. 12) 选择

Most people opt for buying their own homes rather than renting them.

大多数人愿意买房子而不愿意租房子.

More than a quarter of respondents would opt for a "DINK" lifestyle.

超过四分之一的受访者表示想做“丁克族”。

3. awaken sb. to sth. (L.22) 使…认识到，意识到

He came to be awakend to the fact that failure means dismissal.

他逐渐意识到失败了就要被免职。

Our program is to awaken people to the need of environmental protection. 

我们的项目就是为了使人们认识到保护环境的必要性。

4. chip away at sth. (L. 24)  从某物上不断除去小块

He kept chipping away at the problem until he had solved it.

他一直在琢磨这个问题，直到把它解决为止。

5. eliminate v. (L.41) 除去；削减；淘汰

The police have eliminated two suspects from their enquiry.

警方从调查中已排除了两名受嫌疑的人。

He was eliminated from the contest in the fourth round. 他在第四轮从比赛中被淘汰。

6. get a grip on  (L.48) 抓住；控制；管束

One can get a grip on something only when it is grasped firmly, without the slightest slackening.  只有把某样东西牢牢抓住，毫不放松，才能把它支配住。

He is just beginning to get a grip on the subject.  他刚刚开始了解这门课。

Get a grip on yourself and stop crying at once.  克制一下自己，快别哭了。

7. smooth out  (L.53) 消除；使…平滑

Our advice helped them to smooth out their relationship.

我们的建议帮助他们消除了相互关系中的障碍。

You’ll feel very comfortable if you smooth out the mattress. 把床垫弄平你会觉得很舒适。

8. dedicate…to (L. 57) 献给；致力于；专供；

Please find what thrills you and dedicate your time to going for it.

请找到令你兴奋的事情，然后全身心地投入去做。”

dedicated  adj. 专注的，热诚的，一心一意的

be dedicated to... 献身于...

dedicate oneself /one’s life to... 献身于...

9. put… into action  (L. 80) 实行；实施；开始工作

It’s time that I put my intentions of hard work into action.

是我该把奋斗的打算付诸行动的时候了。

The key to putting your faith into action is to have a positive mental attitude.

将信心运用到实际行动的关键就是拥有积极的心态。

III. Key to Enhance Your Language Awareness (p202--209)

WORDS IN ACTION

Working with Words and Expressions

1. 1) objective    2) current     3)double      4) exhibit     5) eliminate   6) integrated

7) outstanding   8) strategies  9) similarities  10) striving / strive

11) narrows   12) logical    13) mysterious  14) thick     15) painful

2. 1) at rest           2) without regard to    3) rely on / upon    4) take a chance

5) for the most part   6) in this regard       7) make sense      8) on the sidelines

Increasing Your Word Power

1. 1) to    2) with   3) at   4) with   5) from   6) beyond

7) from   8) on   9) for    10) to

2. 1) in the way that   2) though / although  3) when   4) since  5) used in a comparison

6) though   7) used in a comparison   8) because   9) while   10) in the way that

3. 1) a. supposition   b. supposed     c. supposedly     d. supposed

2) a. conservative  b. conserve     c. Conservation

3) a. Predictably   b. prediction    c. predict        d. predictable

4) a. ridiculous    b. ridiculed     c. ridiculously    d. ridicule

5) a. creation      b. creatively    c. create         d. creative / created

6) a. original      b. originally    c. origin         d. originated

GRAMMAR REVIEW

1. 1) of which   2) for which   3) in which   4) in whom   5) of which

   6) to which   7) for which   8) at which

2. 1）as you describe / have described / described

   2）as concern everyone of us

   3）As is well known

   4）As we all can see

   5）as you show / as you have shown for your teacher

   6）As is reported / announced in today’s papers

as 引导的定语从句

I. as 在限制性定语从句中的应用

   as 用作关系代词或关系副词引导限制性定语从句时，as 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和状语，注意as在以下结构中的使用：

   the same as … 跟……一样

   -- The two brothers look the same as each other.

   the same (+ n.) as …像……这样的，像……这 / 那的

   --We do the same work as they (do).

   --He is reading the same book as I did yesterday.

   （the same…that… ： He is reading the same book that I read yesterday.）

   such (+ n.) as… 和……同样的

   --Such people as knew Mary admired her.

   --Such houses as will be pulled down are mostly located near the river bank.

   as +a. / ad. (原级) as 与……一样……

   --I will tell you as much as I know about this school.

   --He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.

II. as 与 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区别

   1）as 只指代整个主句

   2）引导从句时表示“正如”，没有具体的内容here.

   3）从句的位置比较灵活

   --As is well-known, air, is a gas. / Air, as is well-known, is a gas.

   --The night has turned cold, as is usual around

   --Water is boiling at 100℃, as is shown in the figure.

which

   1）which 既可指代整个主句又可指代主句中的一部分

   2）引导从句时表示具体的内容

   3）从句只能放在主句之后

   --He changed his mind at the last moment, which made me angry.

   --I called him by the wrong name,for which mistake I apologize.

   我叫错了他的名字，对此我表示道歉。

III. as 引导的非限制性定语从句常常成为一些惯用句型

   as was discussed before  如前所述

   as is reported / announced in today’s papers  据今天的报纸报道

   as is / has been pointed out  正如所指出的那样

   as is shown in the figure  如图所示

   as has / had been said before   如前所说

   as may be imagined  正如可以设想的那样

   as is well-known  众所周知

   as we all can see   正如我们有目共睹

CLOZE

1) concertration   2) focus       3) recharge    4) opposite  5) solving  6) generate

7) switch        8) introversion  9) distinguish  10) traits   11) yet    12) passion

13) being       14) quality

TRANSLATION

1）只有通过反复实践我们才能学习和进步。（by trial and error）

   It is only by trial and error that we learn and progress / make progress.

2）你应该知道心灵的教育是很重要的。它会使你与众不同。（distinguish…from…）

   You should know that the education of the heart is very important. It will distinguish you from others.

3）一个追求完美的人对痛苦的容忍度往往很低。周围的事物会让他们看不顺眼。（strive for, a low threshold of）

   A person who strives for perfection tends to have a low threshold of pain. Things around bother them.

4）他们认为正直是个原则问题，愿意为之牺牲一切。（a matter of, for sth.’s sake）

   They regard honesty as a matter of principle and they are willing to sacrifice everything for its sake.

5）人们根据你交往的朋友来判断你。如果与坏人为伍，你就是自找麻烦。（invite）

   People judge you by the company you keep. You’re inviting trouble if you get into bad company.

6）直言不讳（speaking one’s mind），不顾其他人的感受不是一种美德。（without regard to）

   Speaking your mind without regard to other people’s feelings is not a virtue.

7）她的敏感令她承受的痛苦比普通人所能想像的要多。（expose…to…）

   Her sensitivity exposes her to more suffering and pain than ordinary people can imagine.

8）我们必须使人们意识到保护环境的必要性。（awaken sb. to sth.）

   We must awaken people to the need to protect our environment.

IV. Writing

An argumentative essay tends to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Therefore, argumentative writing should have a clear yet debatable point, logic reasoning, sufficient evidence, as well as an honest and friendly attitude.

Deductive reasoning is one of the basic yet convincing approaches in argumentation. It moves from a general statement related to the topic at the beginning to s specific reasoning paragraphs, finally achieve the conclusion. Appropriate premises (前提) should be carefully adopted in the whole reasoning section. Normally, we have the general statement as our major premise and specific reasoning/example as our minor premise, then we arrive at the conclusion.

Sample

One of the greatest changes in family life nowadays is that many couples decide not to have any children because they think that children bring more misery than joy. To my mind, these couples are not only short-sighted but also selfish.

It is an undeniable fact that a married couple without children has more opportunities to get jobs, enjoy the freedom from the troubles and worries caused by children, and can spend all the money they earn for their own pleasure and comforts, but they should not forget that there are also three outweighing advantages in having children. Firstly, children can bring a great deal of joy to a couple, especially after the honey moon of the first happy years. Secondly, children may bring some cohesive force to a family. This is because family conflicts are unavoidable and can snowball, leading to broken marriages. With a child or children in a family, the two sides of the conflicts can easily reach a compromise or mutual understanding unless there is something really serious. Thirdly, a couple without children will be helpless when they are too old to help themselves. They can ask others for help, but "Blood is thicker than water"; they can never enjoy the reliable and timely help from their off springs. In short, from a long point of view, the advantages of having children overweigh those of having no children.

From a social point of view, those who choose to be childless are selfish and irresponsible. Human society needs to carry on and its members should give birth to babies, bring them up, and educate them according to the requirements of society. If everybody escapes from these responsibilities out of selfish considerations, there will be no human beings on the planet of earth. This view of mine, however, does not mean that we should have as many children as possible. If we are responsible members of the human society, we should also limit the number of our children according to the social requirements.

Write A Passage As Required

Directions: Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives. Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.

Sample Writing

As modern men, we are so used to so many inventions that we do not realize how much they have changed our lives. Eyeglasses and sewing machine are two examples. Another, and perhaps more obvious, example is television, which has so altered our way of life that we just cannot imagine what our life would be like without it.

Television has become our major means of entertainment. We no longer sing, dance, play musical instruments, or tell stories as we used to at home after supper. We no longer turn on the radio so often. And we no longer go to cinemas and theaters unless there is something special. We can get our satisfaction at home if we just sit down and turn on the TV sets in our living rooms. We have become so addicted to our TV sets that we could feel miserable if wee were deprived of them.

Television has also become our chief means of obtaining information. Without going out, we can know what the weather will be like tomorrow, what is going on at home and abroad, and whether the current prices of stocks are going up or down. Because of television, the world has become much smaller and things and people that used to be strangers are now familiar to us. Because of television, we are thousands of times more informed than our ancestors. Now, we depend so much on television for information that we will feel stupid if we do not watch TV for only a few days.

Television has become part of our lives. It has become a component part of the furniture of our homes and it is our companion wherever we go. With it, we are happy and informed; when we have troubles on our minds, we turn to it. Babies grow up with it and the old watch it until their last days. In short, whether it is interesting or boring, whether it talks sense or nonsense, our life would be empty without it.