如何写论文的引言,是每一个研究生同学都会碰到的问题。正所谓,思绪万千,却不知道从何入手。其实,文章只要开好了头,也就完成了一半。
或许对很多朋(da)友(niu)们来讲,引言已经不是什么问题啦。但是如果我们能利用语言学领域中的知识和研究,更系统地看待学术写作,更高效地写作和阅读文献,岂不是更好吗?
今天要推荐给大家的是John
Swales的学术引言写作C.A.R.S模型。
所谓C.A.R.S模型就是The Creating a
Research Space Model (“创建研究空间”模型),是由John
Swales于1981年提出,后在1990年出版的《体裁分析》(Genre Analysis: English in
Academic and Research
Settings)一书中进行修正,由原先的4-move(语步)model改为3-move model (1990,p.
141)。
http://image109.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2017/12/0813/118427770_1_20171208012703138
John M.
Swales,1938年出生,毕业于剑桥大学,主修心理学,曾任教于利兹大学、阿斯顿大学及密歇根大学(安阿伯分校),现已退休。
这个模型可以说非常经典啦。通过这个模型,你可以更好地开展写作,并了解引言在你论文及更大范围研究中的作用。
1
Move 1: Establishing a
Territory(确定研究范围)-SITUATION
-
Step 1 -- Claiming Centrality
确立中心议题 and/or
-
Step 2 -- Making topic
generalization(s) 概括主题内容 and/or
-
Step 3 -- Reviewing items of
previous research 回顾前期研究成果
2
Move 2: Establishing a
Niche(确定研究空间)-PROBLEM
-
Step 1a -- Counter-claiming 提出相反意见
or
-
Step 1b -- Indicating a gap 指出缺口
or
-
Step 1c -- Question-raising 提出问题
or
-
Step 1d -- Continuing a tradition
拓展前人研究
3
Move 3: Occupying the
Niche (占据该研究空间)-SOLUTION
-
Step 1a -- Outlining purposes
概括研究目的
-
Step 1b -- Announcing present
research 通报当前研究
-
Step 2 -- Announcing principle
findings 通报主要研究结果
-
Step 3 -- Indicating article
structure 概述文章结构
Move 1 Establishing a
Territory(确定研究范围)
这一步,作者通常需要展现的是该研究议题是有趣的、相关的、重要的,值得研究的。
常见的句式包括:
-
Recently, there has been a spate
of interest in how to….
-
The possibility….has generated
interest in ….
-
The well-known…. phenomena…has
been favorite topics for analysis both in…
-
A central issue in…is the validity
of ….
-
Many investigators have recently
turned to….
这一步一般有两种形式:1)对该议题现有的知识、做法的陈述;
如:
-
There is now much evidence to
support the hypothesis that….
-
A standard procedure for assessing
has been…
2)对现象的描述
如:
-
An elaborate system of… is found
in the…
-
There are many situations
where….
这一步作者需要具体地阐述:过去谁(who)在什么时间(when)发现了什么(what)。可以想象,这一步会有大量的in-text
citation
如:
-
Smith(1989)found….
-
It has been suggested
that…(Smith,1989)
-
Observations by Smith (1989)….
-
The moon is probably made of
cheese (Brie, 1988)
Move 2: Establishing a
Niche(确定研究空间)
如:
-
However, this view is challenged
by recent data showing…
-
However, these approaches become
increasingly unreliable when…
如:
-
A considerable amount of research
has been…but little research…
-
The only reported study to date
of…covered a limited range of…
-
The properties of…are still not
completely understood.
-
Evidence on this question is
presently inconclusive.
如:
-
The question remains…?
-
How much has the seal population
actually decreased?
-
However, it is not clear whether
the use of…can be modified to….
常与逻辑连接词共同出现,如therefore, hence,
consequently及thus.
如:
-
Hence, additional studies of…are
needed.
-
It is desirable to carry out
surveys of…
Move 2不一定出现在整个literature
review之后,也可能紧跟在每一条separate review之后,这样的话,Step 1/Move 3 Move
2就会不断循环,直到review完全完成。
Move 3: Occupying the
Niche (占据该研究空间)
这一步回答的问题是 why?为什么要做这个研究
如:
-
The aim of this paper is to…
-
The purpose here is to
document…
这一步讲的是当前的研究是由谁、在哪里、何时、怎么做的?
如:
-
This paper evaluates the effect
on….
-
The research focuses on a strategy
for….
-
The thesis proposes a formal
procedure for…
-
In this paper, we provide a novel
approach to…
如:
-
This approach provides
effective…
-
Our results indicate that this
method is effective in…
如:
-
We have organized the rest of this
paper in the following way…
-
This paper is structured as
follows…
-
The remainder of this paper is
divided into 5 sections..
如果你现在处于研究的早期,只有模糊的概念,还不太清楚自己要做些什么,可以试一试写一段简短的引言,这样可以帮助你理清头绪。
希望今天的推送能带给朋友们新的idea,已经有所了解的朋友们也希望你们多指教啦。
参考文献:
Swales, J.
(1990). Genre analysis : English in academic
and research settings. Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press,
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