Grammer 限制性定于从句

Teaching aims: Grasp the attributive clause and use it freely

[自学探究] （SB P32 Discovering useful structures）

[要点导航］

一.关系代词

所作成分	代替人	代替物	代替人或物
主语	who	which	that/as
宾语	whom	which	that/as
定语	whose/of whom	whose/of which

关系代词指物时只用that不用which的情况.

1．当先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much等不定代词时。

Tell me everything that you know.

2．当先行词被very, both, the only, all, every, no, any, little, much, some修饰时。

This is the only coat that I have.

3．当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。

This is the most beautiful city that I visited.

4. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。

This is the first lesson that we have this term.

5.当先行词既包括人又包括物时。

He hasn’t sent us the workers and equipment that we need.

6.当主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时。

Which is the coat that you like best?

7.当先行词在句中作表语时,无论先行词是人还是物。

China is no longer the country that she was.

二.由“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，能作此用法的关系代词主要是which，其次是whom.

prep + whom/which

该结构中的whom代指前面提到的人，which代指前面提到的事物。例如：

I don’t know the old woman to whom I gave the umbrella yesterday.

我不认识我昨天送给雨伞的那位老人。

在限制性定语从句中，如果含有作地点状语的in/on/at which结构，该结构中的介词也可以移到句末；这时关系代词that, which在口语和非正式文体中经常省略。例如：

This is the factory which/that I once worked in.

This is the hotel (which/that) they are staying at.

(由介词+which/whom引导的定语从句)

［要点提示］

1、先行词是物时，用介词＋which；是人时，用介词＋whom；why=for which。介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2、that前不能有介词。例如：

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

3、某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 、where和why 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

This is the reason for which he was put in prison.

This is the reason why he was put in prison. 这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。

4、介词＋which(指物)/whom（指人）在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。例如：

They arrived at a small house, in front of which sat a small boy.

他们来到一家农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。

I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.

我看到一个人，他头上站着一只鸟。

5、不定代词或数词＋of+which/whom,在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。例如：Tom has three brothers, one of whom is a singer.

汤姆有三个兄弟，其中一个是个歌手。

China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.

中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。

6、名词＋of which，或者of which+名词，代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase ,the price of which（＝whose price）was very reasonable.

The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.

7、介词＋which（指物）/whose（指人），修饰后边的名词。例如：

He lived in London for 3 months, during which time he learned some English.

The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.

8、介词的确定：根据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配；依据先行词的习惯搭配；根据所表达的意思。例如：

He bought a beautiful house on which he spent all his money.

他花掉所有的积蓄买了一套漂亮的房子。

This is the best way in which he can remember the words.

这是他记住单词的最好方法。

The gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.

没有它我们就没法生存的气体叫氧气。

[高考链接]

1. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.

            A.which price　　　　　　　　　C.the price of which

            B.its price　　　　　　　　　　 D.the price of whose

[解析]答案选C。the price of which＝whose price=of which the price。

2.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004全国卷)

　　   A. of which  B. during which  C. from which  D. for which

[解析]答案选A。关系代词which指代the journey, 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.

3. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they

 are being trained. (江西2005)

 A. in that   B. for that    C. in which   D. for which

[解析]答案D。从句中含有be trained for“为了……被培训”，所以选择for which。

三.关系副词引导的定语从句.

1.关系副词when, why, where在定语从句中分别代替表示时间,地点,原因的先行词,并分别在从句中作时间,地点,原因状语.另外关系副词也可根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成”介词+关系代词”的结构.如下:

关系副词	被代替的先行词	在从句中的作用
When/that	表示时间的名词	时间状语
Where	表示地点的名词	地点状语
Why/that	表示原因的名词(只用reason)	原因状语

He came at a time when (=at which) we needed help.

The day will come when (=on which) we’ll win the final victory.

We know the place where (=in which) our teacher lives.

Do you know the reason why (=for which) he was so sorry?

2.使用关系副词时应注意的问题。

(1)time作先行词时,如前面有序数词或last修饰时,不用when引导定语从句,要用that或省去不用。如果time之前无序数词或last,则用when或that引导。

The last time (that)I saw him was in 2001.

(2)当先行词为表示方式的the way时,从句不能用how来引导，应用that或in which，或将它们全部省略。

We admired the way (that) he solved the problem.

I don’t like the way (in which) you spoke to her.

They didn’t do it the way (that) we do now.

 

［典例解析］

①(04,天津)He was much kinder to his youngest son than to others,______, of course, made the others envy him.

   A. who   B. that   C. what    D. which

[解析]本题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，which所引导的句子对前面主句起补充说明作用。做题时，先排除B.C两项，因为它不能引导非限制性定语从句，

而A项只能引导先行词是人的定语从句。

答案：D

②(01,全国卷)_______is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.

     A. It   B. As    C. That   D. What

[解析]此题考查定语从句，放在句首只能用as。若选A应为：It is known to everybody

that the moon…

答案：B

[同步练习]

★单项填空

1.The English play ___ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

A. for which  B. at which  C. in which  D. on which

2.George Orwell, ____was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.

A. the real name  B. what his real name 

C. his real name  D. whose real name

3. ____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A.      It  B. As  C. That  D. What

4. Anyway, that evening, __ I’ll tell you more about later. I ended up with staying at Rachel’s place.

A. when   B. where   C. what  D. which

5. What surprised me was not what he said but ___ he said it.

A.      the way  B. in the way that  C. in the way  D. the way which

6. There are two buildings,___ stands nearly a hundred feet high.

A.      the larger            B. the larger of them

C.  the larger one that     D. the larger of which

7. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _____ he is likely to lose control over the plane.

A. where  B. which   C. while  D. why

8. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, ___ was true.

A. he   B. this  C. which   D. who

9. Is this the reason __ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A.      he explained      B. what he explained 

B.      how he explained  D. why he explained

10. He was very rude to the Customer Officer, ___ of course made things even worse.

A. who   B. whom   C. what  D. which

11. This is the same knife ___ I lost.

A. which  B. what  C. where  D. as

12. Don’t talk about such things __ you do not understand.

A.      that  B. which  C. as  D. those

13. I did everything ___ to help him.

A. that I could   B. what I could do

C. which I could  D. which I could do

14. On the day ___ she called on me, I happened to be out.

A.      which  B. where  C. in which  D. when

15. A child ___ parents are dead is called an orphan.

A. which   B. his   C. whose   D. with

★改错

1. This is the college which he works.

2. This is the house which he lived in his twenties.

3. The day that he was born was Aug.20,1990.

4. This is the best book which I ever read.

5. The room is that we came to visit yesterday.

★语法专练

1. A survey was carried out on the death rate of those who were infected by SARS, ________were surprising.

 A. as results       B. which results  C. the results of it        D. the results of which

2. We need a more capable leader, ______ with strong will and as well as good humour.
         A. who    B. that    C. one    D. which

3. The image of a devoted and noble angel in white _____ heals the wounded and rescues the dying is making a comeback _____ the nation faces a crisis.

A. that…because    B. who…when    C. which…that    D. what…as

4. Edith has invented a device ____ can solve the problem of saving electricity.

A. which she claims B. she claims it    C. as she claims    D. what she claims

5. The beaver(水獭) chews down trees to get food and material ____its home.

A. builds   B. it can build C. that it build D. with which to build

6. He laughs best who laughs last, ____ the saying goes.

A. when     B. as     C. where     D. after

7. It was said that a series of experiments were performed ____ Dr.Kevin’s nervous system was linked to a computer.

A. in which     B. which     C. that       D. when

8. The size of the audience, ____ we had expected, was well over one thousand.

A. whom     B. who     C. as     D. which

9. “Harry Potter” is such an interesting book ________ all kids like to read.

       A. as                     B. that                          C. what                        D. which

10. It was a lecture ________importance I did not realize at that time.

       A. that                   B. which                      C. its                            D. whose

11. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop ________ to produce the workings of his own hands.

       A. that                   B. in which                   C. by which                  D. how

12. —Did Jack come back early last night?

   —Yes. I t was not yet eight o’clock ________ he arrived home.

       A. before                      B. that                   C. when                D. until

11. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _______effects the people are still suffering.

       A. that          B. whose          C. those          D. what

12. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. （2005浙江卷）

       A．When                  B．After                  C．As                D．Since

13. If a shop has chairs________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. （2005上海卷）

A. that                B. which                      C. when                    D. where

14. Jim passed the driving test, _________ surprised everybody in the office. （2005浙江卷）

       A．which                 B．that                    C．this                     D．it

15. I have many friends ,        some are businessmen . （2005全国卷1）

       A．of them    B．from which     C．who of    D．of whom