答案解析及听力原文：

SECTION A        MINI-LECTURE

Paralinguistic features of languages

Good morning, everyone. Today we'll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, we'll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called ‘paralinguistic features of language'. These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body.

Now, the first category, is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second isbreathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportants. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, expecially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.

Now, let's come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me sight some brief examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages. About how we feel, or what we mean. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning. We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eye-brows - suggest that you are surprised or interested in something. Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something; compressing the lips, which show that you are making decisions; and a visible clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too. The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings. Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of ‘I don't care', or ‘I don't know'. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can mean welcome and farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. In other cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means it's a secret. That's why we say that gestures are culture bound. The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent.Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers. But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, I'd like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back, shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact, changes the nature of interaction, and can been seen as either open or challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. When two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same posture, as if an imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manor. When used in this way, echoing appears to complement the verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is marking at another speaker.

Ok, in today's lecture, we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as tone of voice, gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic features of language, like grammar, or vocabulary, are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face to face encounters. In our next lecture, we'll watch some video material, and see how people actually use paralinguistic means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.

整理一下，整篇文章的要点非常清晰：

I. Vocal Paralinguistic Features
  1. whispering- the needs for secrecy
  2. breathiness- deep emotion
  3. huskiness- unimportants
  4. nasality- anxiety
  5. extra lip-rounding- greater intimacy

II. physical paralinguistic features
  1. facial expression- powerful conveyer of meaning.
     --e.g.1 smiling: pleasure or welcome
     --e.g.2 raising eye-brows: surprised or interested in something
     --e.g.3 biting your lip:deep in thinking/ uncertain about something
     --e.g.4 compressing the lips: making decisions
     --e.g.5 clenching of the teeth: angry
  2. gesture- culture bound
     --e.g.1 shrugging shoulders: 'I don't care', or 'I don't know'
     --e.g.2 crossing your arms: relaxation/ bored
     --e.g.3 waving: welcome and farewell
     --e.g.4 scratching your head: at a loss
     --e.g.5 placing your hand upon your heart: telling the truth
     --e.g.6 pointing your finger at your nose: it's a secret
  3. proximity, posture and echoing
     1). proximity: personal style & culture bound
         --e.g.1 closeness: intimacy, threat  
         --e.g.2 distance: fomality, lack of interest
     2). posture: the way in which someone holds his or her body
         --e.g.1 Hunched shoulders and a hanging head: happy or not
         --e.g.2 A lowered head, eye contact: the appropriate relationship
         --e.g.3 direct level eye contact: open or challenging
     3). echoing: to complement the verbal communication

运用各种自己熟悉的笔记符号，将上述列表中的内容快速记下来，只可以更少，不能更多。很多学生在考场上抱着贪多的心理，事无巨细均想记录，反而在不停笔中错过了该要记住的要点。

1 tones of voice 2 huskiness 3 universal signal; 4 thought or uncertainty 5 indifference 6 honesty 7 distance; 8 situation; 9 mood; 10 unconsciously same posture
SECTION B        INTERVIEW

1. C  2. A  3. D  4. A  5. C

6. B  7.C   8. D  9. D 10. A
PART II    READING COMPREHENSION

11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D

16.C 17.C  18.A 19.D 20.B

21. A  22.B  23. B 24.B 25. C

26.A  27.D 28.D 29.A  30.C

PART III                  GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)

　　31. Which of the following is INCORRECT
　　答案D：The British Constituiton includes one single written constitution
　　答题技巧：首先注意题干INCORRECT, 根据常识判断英国宪法为不成文宪法；故本题选择D，其他选项更为细节，直接忽略跳过。
　　常识背景：
　　不成文宪法是指不具有统一法典形式，而散见于多种法律文书，宪法判例和宪法惯例的宪法。不成文宪法的最显著特征在于，虽然各种法律文件并未冠以宪法之名，却发挥着宪法的作用。英国是典型的不成文宪法国家。
　　英国是不成文法国家，没有宪法典，但不是没有宪法。英国宪法是不成文的。而犯罪人进监狱并不是依据宪法，而是依据刑法。英国刑法也是不成文的，英国是判例法国家，先前的判例对于定罪量刑作用相当大。英国还有陪审团，定罪方面由12人的陪审团根据具体案件过程来决定，一旦定罪，法官根据先例和经验来量刑。
　　32. The first city ever founded in Canada is
　　答案A：Quebec
　　答题说明：这个题目其实比较偏，笔者本人也是通过google 才知道答案。这里需要说明的是，人文知识完全靠平时点滴积累，考前强化背诵是没有意义的。我们不要指望人文知识考满分，因为出题者每次总会故意出一两道偏题。我们只要追求80%正确就不错了。以80分为目标，而不是100分。另外80分到100分拿到的证书都是一样的专八“优秀”。
　　关于本题的历史文化背景太复杂，在本文结束后会以附件形式发布出来。
　　33. When did the Austrlian Federation officially come into being?
　〈鸢窪：1901
　　答题说明：本题为英语国家概况基本常识题
　　34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the plantation slavery in the south of US was issued by
　　答案A：Abraham Lincoln
　　答题说明：本题为美国历史常识题，林肯发布解放黑奴宣言
　　35．Who was best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems?
　　答案C：Robert Browning
　　答题说明：本题为文学常识题
　　文化背景：罗伯特·勃朗宁（Robert Browning)（1812-1889），维多利亚时期代表诗人之一。主要作品有《戏剧抒情诗》、《剧中人物》、《指环与书》等。与丁尼生齐名，是维多利亚时代两大诗人之一。他以精细入微的心理探索而独步诗坛，对⒚?0世纪诗歌产生了重要影响。朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献，是发展和完善了戏剧独白诗（Dramaticmonologue）这样一种独特的诗歌形式，并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同类型的人物性格，深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心理。
　　36. The Financier was written by
　　答案D：Theodore Dreiser
　　答题说明：本题为文学常识题
　　人文背景：西奥多·德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser，1871～1945）， 美国小说家。生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇。父亲是贫苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作。走 遍芝加哥、匹兹堡、纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。代表作：《嘉莉妹妹》、《金融家》、《美国悲剧》等　　　
　　37. In literature a strory in verse or prose with a double meaning is difined as
　　答案A：Allegory
　　答题说明：即使你不认识选项A，也可以通过排除法排除B. sonnet, C. blank verse, D. rhyme. 因为BCD涉及的主要是形式或音韵，不涉及内容和意义。
　　38．… refers to the learning and development of a language
　　答案A：language acqisition
　　答题说明：本题为语言学常识题。
　　背景知识：语言习得最基本的定义，其余选项一看就不符合题干内容。
　　39. The word “motel” comes from “motor – hotel”. This is an example of “…” in morphology.
　　答案C：blending
　　答题说明：本题为语言学分支形态学最基本常识，也是比较活跃的一种构词方式
　　背景知识：A 逆生法；B 转类法；C拼缀法；D 首字母构词
　　40．Language is tool of communication, the sybol “highway closed” serves
　　答案B： informative function
　　答题说明：语言学基本常识；认识选项单词都不会选错答案　

Part IV  Proofreading & Error Correction
1 be后插入 as; 2 their改为its; 3 There改为It; 4 Whereas改为But 5 further 改为much
6 come改为bring; 7 similar改为different; 8 will改为would; 9 as important去掉as; 10 the part去掉the

SECTION A        CHINESE TO ENGLISH

Friends tend to become more intimated if they have the same interests and temper, they can get along well and keep contacting; otherwise they will separate and end the relationship. Friends who are more familiar and closer can not be too casual and show no respect. Otherwise the harmony and balance will be broken, and the friendship will also be nonexistent any more. Everyone hopes to have his own private space, and if too casual among friends, it is easy to invade this piece of restricted areas, which will lead to the conflict, resulting in alienation. It may be a small matter to be rude to friends; however, it is likely to plant the devastating seeds. The best way to keep the close relationship between friends is to keep contacts with restraint, and do not bother each other.


SECTION B        ENGLISH TO CHINESE

我想那是五月的一个周日的早晨；那天是复活节，一个大清早上。我站在自家 小屋的门口。就在我的面前展现出了那么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，可是梦里的感觉往往如此，由于梦幻的力量，这番景象显得超凡出尘，一派肃 穆气象。群山形状相同，其山脚下都有着同样可爱的山谷；不过群山挺然参天，高于阿尔卑斯峰，诸山相距空旷，丰草如茵，林地开阔，错落其间； 树篱上的白玫瑰娟娟弥望；远近看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭院里，牛群静静地卧躺在那片郁郁葱葱的墓地歇息，好几头围绕着一个小孩的坟墓。我曾对她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日东升的前一刻，那孩子死去了，我如同当年那样望着牛群。

PART VI  WRITING

The important role of a city’s local conditions in the urban design
Recently there is a hot debate on a report that a foreign design company invited by a little-known mountainous area in Guiyang provided a design without paying too much attention to the city’s unique characteristics. Some people appreciate the bold innovation of the design but others do not like it. In my opinion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account. The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.

First, a city’s regional characteristics or local cultural heritage are its symbol, its identity. In a mountainous area, too many unconventional, super-futuristic buildings will not be compatible with the city’s landscapes. Without these landscapes, it is just another so called modern city composed of concrete and steel. Take Beijing for example. In the past few years, Beijing has been removing a large number of such alleys traditionally called hutong, in order to make it become a real international city. But without these hutongs can this city still be called Beijing, an ancient capital? The disappearance of hutongs means the disappearance of a period of history, a cordial lifestyle, and even the disappearance of Beijing itself. Then Beijing will lose its uniqueness.

Second, it can help a city save a lot of money by suiting the design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources. This is especially important to small cities, like this one in a mountainous area near Guiyang. We all know Guiyang is a developing city, not very rich. Unconventional, super-futuristic buildings mean large need of money input. Then more burdens may be added to this city, which will run counter to the city’s original purpose of developing itself. Instead, if connections between a city’s culture and the various urban sectors, including housing, infrastructure and governance, are well made, the maximum economic benefits will be achieved.

Besides, the modernization should be a gradual process. More haste, less speed. Nonetheless, it should not be overlooked that the shortcomings of futuristic-style constructing outweigh its advantages brought.

In conclusion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account. The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources. A scientific city design should be dependent on the city’s regional characteristics, on a case-by-case basis.