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英语遣词造句的基本结构

(2010-11-12 18:32:14)
标签:

杂谈

分类: 通用英语

.英语遣词造句的基本结构

(I)S + Vi

ring,read,disppear,fall,arrive,faint,hesitate,lie,occur,pause,rain,sleep,sneeze

IIs + vt + O(n./pron./n. phrase)

III.S + Vt + Oi + Od

双宾动词

1有不少动词后面可以跟两个宾语,前面为间接宾语,后面为直接宾语:

                                                                  

     They         granted          us          a loan.

      I           will lend           you           my typewriter.

      We          owed             him          100 dollars.

                  Hand              me           the timetable.

间接宾语有时可以放到后面去,不过前面要加介词to,如:

     They granted a loan to us.

     I’ll lend my typewriter to you.

     We owed 100 dollars to him.

     Hand the timetable to me.

常见的这类动词有:

accord

give

loan

play

send

tell

advance

grant

mail

post

serve

write

award

band

offer

read

show

 

bring

lease

owe

rent

sing

deal

leave

pass

repay

take

 

forward   

lend

pay

sell

teach

 

 

2另有一批动词,也可跟两个宾语,但把间接宾语放在后部时,要改为由for引导的短语,如:

跟两个宾语                   包含for引导的短语

                                                                     

 Sing us a song, please.             Please sing a song for us.

Father bought me a camera.           Father bought a camera for me.

Fetch me the evening paper.          Fetch the evening paper for me.

Play us some light music.           Play some light music for us.

这类动词常见的有:

book

design

make

prepare

bring

fetch

mix

reserve

build

find

order

save

buy

fix

paint

set

cook

get

pick

sing

cut

leave

play

spare

3还有少数动词也跟两个宾语,但很少把间接宾语放到句子后面去:

I’ll never forgive you that lie. 我永远不会原谅你那次撒谎。

I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。

I envy you your health. 我羡慕你的好身体。

How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题?

She didn’t want to cause you any inconvenience. 她不想给你造成不便。

The hotel charged me $15 for a room for the night. 旅馆这一晚收我15美元的房钱。

The suit cost me over $60.那套衣服花了我60多美元。

They denied the prisoner all freedom. 他们不给那囚犯任何自由。

I want you to promise me one thing. 我要求你答应我一件事。

She can’t refuse him anything. 她不能拒绝他任何事情。

 

IV. S+ Vt + O + C

1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。<S + Vt + O + Cto be adj.>

这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove,等。这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。

2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。<S+ Vt + O +Cto do sth>

这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, adviseallowaskbegcausedirectencourageexpectforbidforceinviteorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireteachtellwantwarn等。

3.使役动词后宾语补足语的用法

中学教学中最常见的使役动词有:make have leave。他们都表示使得,后面都可接宾语+宾语补足语的结构,但用法上有所不同。

4.感官动词后宾语补足语的用法

表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear feel find listen to look at watch noticeobserve smell see等词后可以用省去to的动词不定式,现在分词及过去分词作宾语补足语。常见的句型有:(hear为例)

5.with+宾语+宾语补足语的结构

1. with+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语

2. with+宾语+doing/done/to do

V.   S + Link-verb + P

VIThere + be + sth + preposition + n

VII . S + Vt + to do sth

只跟不定式作宾语的动词:

ache渴望            afford担负得起           agree同意              

aim目的             apply申请               arrange安排

ask要求             attempt试图              care在意

choose选定          consent同意              dare

decide决定           decline婉拒              demand要求

desire渴望           determine决心            expect期待

fail失败             grow(逐渐)变得         help帮助

hesitate犹豫          hope希望                 learn学习

long渴望            manage设法做到          offer主动提出

plan计划            prepare准备               pretend假装

promise许诺         refuse拒绝                seek试图

swear发誓           undertake保证             volunteer自愿

vote投票去做        wait等待                  wish希望

VIII. S + Vt + doing sth

归纳拓展-跟动名词作宾语的动词:

考虑建议盼原谅(consider/suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon)

承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy

避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise

否认完成停能赏(deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate

不禁介意准逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape

不准冒险凭想象(forbid, risk, imagine

a.有的动词后接动名词作宾语时通常带有逻辑主语。如:

The rain prevented his coming. 下雨使他不能来。

b.有的动词(advise, allow, forbid, permit)等后虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补足语;而有些动词(consider, understand, discuss)则可接疑问词+不定式作宾语。如:

He advised me to buy a computer. 他建议我买台电脑。

Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?

IXS + Vt + to do sth/doing sth且意义相同

既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语且意义相同的动词

like 喜欢     love 喜欢    hate 憎恨      prefer 宁可begin 开始   start 开始     continue 继续  can’t bear 不能忍受bother 麻烦   intend 想要   attempt 试图   cease停止
He likes to sing [singing].
他喜欢唱歌。It has started to rain [raining]. 开始下雨了。

You needn’t bother to come up [coming up]. 你不必费心过来了。

The baby continued to cry [crying] all night. 这孩子哭了一整夜。

The old man ceased breathing [to breathe]. 老人停止了呼吸。
注:当 like, love, hate, prefer would, should 连用时,其后只能接不定式。另外,当 begin, start 本身为进行时态或后接 know, realize, understand 等静态动词时,其后的动词只能用不定式。

X S + Vt + to do sth/doing sth且意义不相同

既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语但意义不同的动词

(1)      remember(记得)forget(忘记)regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生,后接动名词(有时可用完成式),则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较:

Remember to post the letter. 记住把这封信寄了。(“寄信未发生)

I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。(“寄信已发生)

He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱未发生)

He forgot paying me the money. 他忘记曾给我付过钱。(“付钱发生了)

(2)    try 后接不定式表示设法做某事,接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如:

I’ll try to come tomorrow. 我明天设法来。

Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲敲后门试试。

(3)      mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事,接动名词表示意味着(做某事,接动名词表示意味着要)做某事。如:

He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。

This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。

(4)    stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事,接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事。如:

He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话,房里一点声音也没有了。He stopped to listen, but there was no more sound. 他停下来听,但再也没有听到什么声音。(stop后接的不定式不是宾语,而是目的状语)

(5)      can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住做某事,接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如:后接动名词表示禁不住做某事,接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如:

He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。

The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。

6go on to do sth go on doing sth 也有类似差别:前者表示做完某事后接着做另一事,后者表示继续做正在做的事。如:

You oughtn’t to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。(go on 后接doing通常被认为是现在分词而不是动名词)
Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one.
做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习

XIS + Vt + to do sth/doing sth且时态不相同

既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语但语态不同的动词在 need, want, require等表示需要的动词后,接不定式和动名词均可,且含义也相同,但是语态不同:接动名词时用主动式表示被动含义,接不定式时则要用被动式表示”My coat needs mending [to be mended]. 我的外套需要缝补一下。Your coat wants brushing [to be brushed]. 你的大衣需要刷一刷。   

XIIS + Vt + Object Clause

常可以跟宾语从句的及物动词有:

常见的带宾语从句的动词有:

Verbs of saying(表示的动词): admit, advise, agree, answer, apologize, assert(宣称, 断言, 声明), claim(声称, 断言), complain, declare(声明,澄清), demand, deny, disagree, emphasize, explain, imply, insist, mention, order, object, point out, promise, recommend, remark(谈论,评论), repeat, report, request, say, state, suggest

Verbs of knowing or coming to know(表示知道获知的动词): discover, find, find out, hear, know, learn, notice, observe, realize, recall, recollect, remember, see

Verbs of believing(表示相信、认为的动词): agree, assume(假设, 臆断, 猜想), believe, conclude, consider, doubt, expect, estimate, feel, guess, imagine, judge, predict, reason, reckon(猜想; 估计), sense(感觉到; 意识到; 发觉), suppose(料想; 猜想; 以为), suspect, think

Verbs of choosing or desiring(表示选择意欲的动词): accept, decide, demand, desire, ensure, intend, mean, order, prefer, require, rule判定, 裁定, 判决

Verbs of feeling emotions(表示情感的动词): fear, hope, regret

Verbs of appearing or happening (usually with “it” as the subject) (表示看起来发生,这里实际上是it 作形式主语,that 从句是主语而不是宾语): appear, happen, seem

Verbs of suggesting, requesting or ordering(表示建议要求命令的动词): advise, ask, demand, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge(鼓

 

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