直系同源基因和旁系同源基因
(2017-06-24 21:39:40)
标签:
biology |
分类: Biology |
直系同源和旁系同源 直系同源(orthologous) 指的是不同物种之间的同源性,例如蛋白质的同源性,DNA 序列的 同源性。
Orthologs 是指来自于不同物种的由垂直家系(物种形成)进化而来的蛋白,并且典型的保
留与原始蛋白有相同的功能。
旁系同源(Paralogs)是那些在一定物种中的来源于基因复制的蛋白,可能会进化出新的与
原来有关的功能。 蛋白质同源家庭的分析对于确立物种之间的亲缘关系和预测新蛋白质序列的功能有重要意
义,同源蛋白质(homolog)进一步划分为直系同源(ortholog)和旁系同源(paralog),前
者指不同物种中具有相同功能和共同起源的基因, 后者则指在同一物种内具有不同功能, 但 也有共同起源的基因,例如同是起源于珠蛋白的 α
珠蛋白、β 珠蛋白和肌红蛋白。
paralog、ortholog 释义
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education/BLASTinfo/Orthology.html
Homologous sequences. Orthologs
and Paralogs are
two types of homologous sequences. Orthology describes
genes in different
species that derive from a common ancestor. Orthologous genes may
or may not have the same function. Paralogy describes homologous
genes within a single species that diverged by gene duplication.
简单翻译一下: Orthologs 和 Paralogs 是同源序列的两种类型。
Orthology 描述在不同物种中来自于共同祖先的基因。Orthologous 基因可能有相同的功能, 也可能没有。Paralogy
描述在同一物种内由于基因复制而分离的同源基因。 Orthology 通常译作直系同源、直向同源、垂直同源。Paralogy
通常译作旁系同源、并系同 源、横向同源。 然而, NCBI 的 Glossary 中对 paralog 的定义是: A paralog
is one of a set of homologous genes that have diverged from each
other as a consequence of gene duplication. For example, the mouse
α-globin andβ-globin genes are paralogs.
The relationship between mouse α-globin and chick β-globin is also
considered paralogous (see the figure). 即,祖先基因经过复制后分离产生的基因是
paralog,例如鼠的α球蛋白和β球蛋白基因。并且,鼠的α球蛋白和鸡的β球蛋白基因的关系也是 paralog。
因此不能说:来自不同物种的就不是 paralog。这一点就与前面的定义不一致了,前面说: “Paralogy describes
homologous genes within a single species that diverged by gene
duplication.” 对 ortholog 的定义是: Orthology describes
genes in different
species that derive from a single ancestral
gene in the
last common ancestor of the respective species. 即,Orthology
指的是这样一些基因,它们起源于这些基因所在物种的最近的共同祖先的一 条基因。(有点拗口,但也想不出更好的译法了)
TRENDS in Genetics
Vol.18 No.12 December 2002 的一篇文章:《Orthology, paralogy and proposed
classification for paralog subtypes》对两者的定义做了进一步的探究。
作者指出: Paralogs are
defined as genes that derive from a single gene that was duplicated
within a genome.The latter definition does not specify
that paralogs can
only be found in a
single organism, and hence
genes in different
organisms that arose from gene
duplication in an
ancestral genome are also paralogs according
to the definition。 作者根据复制事件与物种分化事件发生的先后关系,提出了 inparalog 和
outparalog 的概念, 对于一个给定的世系, 在物种分化后发生复制事件产生的基因称为 inparalog, 而复制事件在
分化之前,则称为 outparalog。 As we know ,there are two kinds of homolog,
ortholog and paralog. Genes in two
species that have directly evolved from a single
gene in the
last common ancestor are called orthologs. A set of homologous
genes that have diverged from each other as a consequence of
genetic duplication are called paralogs.
Sometime those paralogs which
arose from a duplication after the speciation event are
called in-paralogs.