加载中…【英语四六级】5月7日下午上课讲义
(2011-05-06 13:02:26)
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分类： 英语四六级 |
英语四级考试语法和词汇基础知识
英语四级考试的语法和词汇贯穿于考试的各个部分中（Grammar is tested throughout different parts of the test.），主要的语法点体现在以下几个方面：
语法基础知识：
Major grammatical points in writing, reading and cloze parts:
1.
________the economy’s performance, strengths, and weaknesses are the tables, charts, and data published by public and private agencies.
Analyzing
The tools for analyzing
The analysis of
There are tools of
2.
Duplicating the recent history of airborne achievements, the galleries of the National Air and Space Museum __________.
exhibit a fascinating collection
3.
________ all summer, sipping nectar and collecting pollen from flowers.
Busy bees are
Being busy bees
Bees are busy
4.
The batteries in cordless handheld vacuum cleaners _______ hundreds of times.
can be recharged
recharging
recharged
was recharged
5.
Societies must often adapt to changes ______ political or economic factors.
which may be brought on by
to which are brought
for bringing on
can be brought by
6.
Most libraries have general collections of reference works, such as periodicals, pamphlets ______ books.
or
yet
but
and
Others: both, for, neither … nor, not only … but also…
Subordinate: if, when, after
Correlative: not only … but also, both … and …
Parallel: or, and, but, and
7.
After you have turned over the soil, weeded, and _______, you’ll be ready to plant.
cultivating
cultivation
cultivated
cultivate
A good worker is conscientious, reliable, and efficiency.
8.
How, when, where, or why
Arlington National Cemetery was built ________ and other war heroes during the American Civil War.
according to honor
for honor of soldiers
in order to honor soldiers
to soldiers that were honored
9.
the more …, the more …,
is more than
is … rather than
is the same as …
Espresso coffee makers require more attention than _________.
drip coffee makers are
drip coffee makers
are other drip coffee makers
so do the other coffee makers
10.
Walruses use their long tusks to pull themselves out of the water and ________ themselves.
protecting
to protect
protected
was protected
●Verbs followed by an infinitive:
Want, wish, hope, ask, offer, promise, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, choose, expect, need
●Verbs followed by a gerund:
Suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, enjoy, postpone, put off, delay, adivse, consider, deny, miss
●Verbs that can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund:
Like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, stop
Except in cases of extreme emergency, police officers are required obeying all traffic laws.
11.
President Lincoln was assassinated in Ford’s Theater ______ the night of April 14, 1865.
on
at
by
in
on the night of—during this particular night
at night/in the night—a night as compared to a day, eg. I work at night.
Surprisingly, a feeling of tiredness may result of a lack of exercise.
To result in XXXX: Too much rain results in flooding.
To result from XXXX: Flooding results from too much rain.
A result of XXXX: Flooding is the result of too much rain.
12.
“the” before the superlative form, or the phrase “one of the XXX”
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of ________ Presidents in American history.
such an energetic
most energetic
energetic
the most energetic
The staff is often the costly and most important of all the resources committed to the working of an institution or a business.
(the most costly)
13.
No, not, none, nothing, and nobody
No + noun
Not + verb or adj.
None + 0 noun: He and I have one, but she has none.
Neither + nor: neither he nor she has much money.
Beer contains _____ live yeast when it leaves the brewery.
no
not
none
neither
14.
1)
2)
3)
_______ travelers check, you may not need to carry money.
If you carry
To carry
If he had carried
For carrying
15.
Used as subject, object, demonstrative, or relative pronoun; possessive.
The opposite of love is hate, an emotion directed toward any disturbing factor, whatever ______ may be.
that
those
them
they
Never use a drug prescribed for someone else just because its symptoms appear similar.
16.
Common endings of nouns, adjs., and advs.
Nouns: -ion, -tion, -sion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ence, -ance
Nouns referring to people: er, ist, ian, or (typist, beautician, supervisor)
Adjs: ic, ish, ive, y, ous, al (athletic, childish, native)
Advs.: ly
A full-sized tripod is the most effectively way to steady a camera.
17.
Verb tense, verb form, verb agreement, and voice
1) Whether you ride your bike 30 miles a day or 30 miles a year, a helmet, adjusted for a snug fit, should be wear on every ride.
2) Laundry washed with soap instead of detergent don’t need softening.
3) Around the circus ring walks Miranda and her majestic white horses.
4) According to the band leader, neither the outdoor café nor the amphitheaters located outside the strip mall provides a good spot for the band to make its community debut.
5) The snowman, wearing a boldly striped hat and purple fleece gloves that stick out on his sides, add a whimsical addition to the backyard.
6) The purpose of the annual Career Night is illustrating the many professions that high school students may one day choose.
7) Before the Jansens left the lakeside cabin, they take a roll of group photos, capturing the natural beauty of this idyllic setting.
18.
Mass nouns can be plural without adding an s.
Fish are …
Family are …
19.
Make—do, little—few, separate—apart, listen—hear
Much children like to get their faces painted with bright colors at community fairs.
20.
A double subject, a double negative, a repeated similar adj. or adv., or an unnecessary preposition
While push-ups build your arms, shoulders and chest, sit-ups they strengthen your abdominal muscles.
21.
The National Park is most well known its beautiful spouting geysers of all sizes.
22.
a, an, the
Scientists have gained the great deal of information about the larger animals called dinosaurs that lived millions of years ago.
23.
Verb-preposition pairs:
Accuse
of
Agree
to/with/on
Apologize
for
Apply
to/for
Approve
of
Believe
in
Care
about/for
Compare
to/with
Complain
about
Confide
in
Exercises:
Improving sentences
Correctness
Clarity
Conciseness
Colloquialism
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16). A number of those who study engineering is increasing steadily.
17) Some cultures have customs that regulate the clothing fashions of people in certain classes
social.
18)
the habits of wild birds and beasts.
19) Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establish its own
economic and financial system.
20) For thousands of years, people have used some
kind of refrigeration cooling beverages and
preserve edibles.
21). Monkeys use their foot to eat food, to gesture, and to climb.
22). Sociological studies have found that deeply hold values and principles are highly resistant to
A
change.
23) Salt Lake City, Utah’s capital and largest city, is industrial and banking center.
A
24) I’d rather you would go by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in
such bad weather.
25) Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science are
careful in checking the accuracy of their reports.
26) The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to
public assistance and health than the United States does.
C
27) The only insects that make a food that people enjoy eating are bees, which produce honey in
its hives.
D
28). Highly interesting in music as a youth, young Johann Sebastian Bach may have damaged his
eyes copying musical scores.
29). Although a number of police officers were guarding the museum, but the director was still
worried.
D
30). Some plant produce irritating poison that can affect a person even if he or she merely brushes
against them.
31). Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, the Woman’s Advocate,
who she launched in January 1855.
D
32). Copper was the first metal used by man and is still of strong demand because it is a good
conductor of electricity.
D
33)
without any honors in his lifetime.
D
34) The early American press has consisted almost entirely of what we would call editorials.
A
35) Since beginning of photography, inventors have tried to make photographs that duplicate
natural colors.
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
A.
B.
C.
D.
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
13.
A.
B.
C.
D.
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
A.
B.
C.
D.
16.
A.
B.
C.
D.
17.
A.
B.
C.
D.
18.
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.
A.
B.
C.
D.
词汇基础知识：
Guessing the meaning of New Words
1.
To figure out the meaning of a new word, do not immediately go charging off to the dictionary and record a definition as it were one more addition to a giant notebook list of words. Contrary to what you may have heard, the dictionary is a last resort. Instead, first try to figure out the meaning from the context, the way the word is used in the sentence, or other clues within the paragraph.
Types of Context Clues
1)
Example:
The explorers landed in an alien environment, a place both foreign and strange to their beloved homeland.
2)
Example:
The natives were hostile when the settlers approached their village. The lined up across the road and drew their weapons. The settlers were afraid to go farther.
3)
Example:
The birds’ appetite is voracious. In one day he ate enough worms to equal three times this body weight.
4)
Example:
The smell of the flower was as compelling as a magnet’s pull on a paper clip.
5)
Example:
In America, she is an eminent scientist, even though she is virtually unknown in England.
Practice:
1)
a.
b.
c.
d.
2)
a.
b.
c.
d.
3)
a.
b.
c.
d.
4)
a.
b.
c.
d.
5)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Word Parts:
Root: the stem or basic part of the word.
duc, duct, duce: conducive, aquaduct, introduction, abduct, educate, induction
(duc means to lead)
Prefix: a group of letters added to the beginning of a word.
Trans: across, over, beyond
Transcend, transcribe, transgress, transform, transcontinental, translucent
Suffix: a group of letters added to the end of a word.
Chemist, terrorist, humanist, evangelist, alarmist, accompanist
Multiple meanings of a word:
Joyce showed industry and perseverance in doing her work.
If we pool our money, we can afford the sofa.
Exercises: Choose the appropriate word form for each sentence.
preference, to prefer, preferential, preferable, preferably
a. What kind of movies do you ________ --Westerns, dramas, or comedies?
b. I have no ________. I like them all.
c. It is ________ to take children to comedies.
d. I would _______ to see a drama.
e. The rich man received _____ treatment in the restaurant.
society, to socialize, social, sociable, socially
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
description, to describe, descriptive, indescribable
a.
b.
c.
d.
appearance, to appear, apparent, apparently
a.
b.
c.
d.
width, to widen, wide, widely
a.
b.
c.
d.
attraction, to attract, attractive, attractively
a.
b.
c.
d.
increase, to increase, increasing, increasingly
a.
b.
c.
d.
Word forms:
1.
2.
John has a very _____________ mind and likes to do things in order. (systematic)
3.
4. The ____________ factor in population control is economic
development.
5.
6.
I disagree with the news analyst’s _______________ of those events. (interpretation)
7.
8. These exercises should give you a good _________________ with typical college test questions. (familiar--familiarization)
9. I think we might get along better if we both made an effort not to respond so ______________.
10. Whenever he questioned her about her political views, she became very defensive.
11. People were always impressed by his politeness. (polite)
12. ___________ can be a dangerous emotion if it is not kept under control. (jealousy)
13. After a week, he felt much better, but he continued to have periods of ___________during which he could do nothing at all. (weakness)
14. She didn’t directly challenge his statement, but she looked at him somewhat doubtfully. (doubt)
15. He has been looking for other employments for the past few months. (employ)
16. The government has been requiring companies to equalize their employment practices.( equal)
17. However, leadership training courses are offered to develop leaders. (lead)
18. The Indians believe that the herb has medicinal properties, and they always use it to treat certain ailments. (medicine)
19. If you consider what he has been through, his conduct is quite ________________ although perhaps not desirable. (understandable)
20. I repeatedly questioned the complicated procedure, but I never received an adequate _______ for why it was still done that way. ( explanation)
21. The architect declared that the building was _____________ interesting and had lots of potential for renovation. (spatially)
22. I knew you didn’t believe a word of it form the ___________ on your face. (expression)
23. She had been a civil servant for years and, by the time she retired, she was quite comfortably situated, from a financial point of view. (comfort)
24. Although he was only a minor clerk, he rushed around importantly giving advice whether or not he was asked. (import)
25. The report, even though inaccurate in many respects, was very influential. (influence)
26. The number of people buying computers has increased dramatically in the last 15 years.
27. Drivers have the responsibility not to endanger the lives of others on the road. (danger)
28. Even if you don’t agree with him, you have to respect the clarity of his thinking. (clear)
29. There was a significant difference in attitudes between light and heavy viewers of television. (sign, signify)
30. At any given moment, only two-thirds of the students are being attentive. (attend)
31. She reacted especially responsively to the vision test, and made very clear motions when touched. (respond)
32. Chocolate cake is irresistible to me. I can never say no when offered some! (resist)
33. That author writes with great originality. His works are always unusual. (origin)
34. We have to have a definite plan before we can take action. (define)
Synonyms:
Connections
Consider
Exactly the
same
For each person
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Antonyms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
喜欢
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