三、长对话应试技巧

题型特点

这是改革后的四级考试新增加的一个题型，虽然对话长度增加了，但长对话和短对话在考察要点和听力技巧方面有许多相通之处，以上对于短对话的解题技巧同样适合于长对话。长对话综合了短对话对数字计算、地点场景、身份关系、建议、邀请、请求、同意、比较等的考察和听力短文对文章层次和理解能力的要求，是听力中介于短对话和短文之间的一种新题型。在考试中要求考生既要注意细节，又要注意整体把握，这比以往的四级题目对综合能力的要求显著提高了。建议考生在平时练习的时候可以先把短对话和长段子两部分分别练好，再找一些长对话题目进行综合练习，这样才能在考试中立于不败之地。

解题技巧

——预读选项，推测对话的主题和问题测试的方向

——听时通过对话的开篇、结尾和反复出现的关键词，弄清对话的核心内容

——边听边记，记下与选项有关的关键词

——着重注意对话中一问一答的内容，多为考点

——听清问题，核实答案

样题分析

在新出版的《大学英语四级考试（CET-4）试点考试样卷》中共设置了2个长对话，第一个长对话共9轮，题量为4题，第二个长对话共6轮，题量为3题。以下是对其中一篇长对话的分析。

Conversation One

W: Hello, Gary. How’re you?

M: Fine! And yourself?

W: Can’t complain. Did you have time to look at my proposal?

M: No, not really. Can we go over it now?

W: Sure. I’ve been trying to come up with some new production and advertising strategies. （19）First of all, if we want to stay competitive, we need to modernize our factory. New equipment should’ve been installed long ago.（20）

M: How much will that cost?

W: We have several options ranging from one hundred thousand dollars all the way up to half a million.

M: OK. We’ll have to discuss these costs with finance.

W: We should also consider human resources. I’ve been talking to personnel as well as our staff at the factory.

M: And what’s the picture?

W: We’ll probably have to hire a couple of engineers to help us modernize the factory.（21）

M: What about advertising?

W: Marketing has some interesting ideas for television commercials.

M: TV? Isn’t that a bit too expensive for us? What’s wrong with advertising in the papers, as usual?

W: Quite frankly, it’s just not enough anymore.（22） We need to be more aggressive in order to keep ahead of our competitors.

M: Will we be able to afford all this?

W: I’ll look into it, but I think higher costs will be justified. These investments will result in higher profits for our company.

M: We’ll have to look at the figures more closely. Have finance draw up a budget for these investments.

W: All right. I’ll see to it.

Questions 19 to 20 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. What are the two speakers talking about?

A) The benefits of strong business competition.

B) A proposal to lower the cost of production.

C) Complaints about the expense of modernization.

D) Suggestions concerning new business strategies.

20. What does the woman say about the equipment of their factory?

A) It cost much more than its worth.

B) It should be brought up-to-date.

C) It calls for immediate repairs.

D) It can still be used for a long time.

21. What does the woman suggest about human resources?

A) The personnel manager should be fired for inefficiency.

B) A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory.

C) The entire staff should be retrained.

D) Better-educated employees should be promoted.

22. Why does the woman suggest advertising on TV?

A) Their competitors have long been advertising on TV.

B) TV commercials are less expensive.

C) Advertising in newspapers alone is not sufficient.

D) TV commercials attract more investments.

这篇对话篇幅较长，对话达到9个回合之多，这就给考生在短时间内从大量信息中寻找答案制造了困难。不过如果我们再仔细去看看我用下划线标示出来的这些内容，就可以发现这些部分就是4道题目的答案出处，我们仔细观察会发现有三个特点：（1）每次答案的出现都伴随着一个问题，这说明问答的形式一般为长对话的考点，而且考试的重点往往落在答语上，这和短对话中体现的原则不谋而合，而且短对话中的建议、邀请、请求原则也和这里的情况及其相似；（2）并不是每一组问答都被作为考点，而作为考试重点的几组问题之间关联性是不大的，第一个问题考察了文章的主要意思, 从第二个问题开始分别考察了new business strategy 所呈现的3个方面的问题，其中每一个方面选择了一个最重要的问题来考察，这又和短文考察方法很相似，每一方面的内容只考察一道题目，而且出题的顺序和文章的顺序是一致的；（3）这段对话还出现了一些重要的信息词，如 first of all, also等，来指示对话主题涉及的几个不同方面的内容。这类逻辑联系词在长对话考试中非常重要，可以使我们跟着对话的思路，把握说话者的话题、语气的转变。在考试中，这些词语还可以帮助我们做出选择，我们在答题完成后，一定要把这些选项连在一起，看是否符合整个对话的逻辑关系，如果发现前后有矛盾，应重新考虑。

 

第三节 短文听力的题型特点和应试技巧

题型特点

短文理解部分一般由三篇不同体裁的小短文组成，每篇短文后有3-4个问题，总共10道题。短文和问题的录音只放一遍，要求考生就每个问题从四个答案中选择最佳答案。录音速度为每分钟120-150词，文章的篇幅为150-300词左右。这个部分由于信息量大，题材广泛，某些长句的句式复杂，因而难度也相对较大，考生往往由于文章太长，没有掌握正确的听力方法而不能坚持集中注意力，抓不住要点，所以听的时候也似懂非懂，跟不上文章的进度，听了后面的忘了前面的，结果在做题时也就心里没底了。

体裁分析

大学英语四级考试短文听力理解的体裁可以分为三个方面，主要为议论文、说明文和记叙文三大体裁。

（1）       记叙文

记叙文一般以故事的形式出现，这类文章有一定的情节，比较有趣，浅显易懂。应该特别注意人物的语言，同时捕捉并记录可以回答who, what, when, where, how and why等问题的有关信息，同时重视因果、转折等标记词，从而抓住故事发展的脉络，理解全文。人物传记也属于记叙文，一般是对真人真事的记叙，大多记叙中外历史上一些杰出的政治家、科学家、文艺家的生平事迹或事业上的成就，也可以是记叙普通人物的特殊经历和业绩。考试应该特别注意人物的生卒年月地点、主要业绩年代，以及对人物的社会评价，这些一般都是明显的考点。

（2）       说明文

说明文也是常见的体裁，涉及交通工具、环境污染、风土人情等多方面，它通常是用来说明一些科普知识、生活常识或社会问题。说明文中科普短文比较多，不像小故事，缺乏趣味性，一般比较难懂。有时短文的句子结构较为复杂，有时会夹杂一些专业术语，这都增添了短文的难度。由于说明文体裁广泛，考生应该熟悉以下几种主题的文章。①风土人情类。这类文章包括对英美等西方国家的机构设施介绍以及西方文学艺术的说明，以往真题中涉及过的主题多种多样，如英国监狱介绍、伦敦出租车司机情况、吉普赛人的情况、美洲农作物历史、著名作家及其作品等。②学校教育类。这类文章也着重于英美教育体系的介绍，如英语学习、教育情况、美国学校教育制度、图书馆使用介绍等。③日常生活类。这类文章包括以说明文形式描述的日常使用的生活用品，如电脑、服饰、书籍等，以及日常生活中经常谈论的话题和活动，如家庭生活、独生子女、税收等。④科普类。这类文章包括介绍动植物、神秘自然现象、工具的发明等主题。

（3） 议论文

议论文一般为学科专家对某一概念、社会现象或出现的某些问题进行简单的描述、揭示、分析和研究。主题涉及政治、经济、家庭、代沟、宠物、网络、女权等社会热点问题，并对这些问题进行主观的评论。

由于这类短文的选材一般是比较热门的话题，考生在平时生活中或多或少可以通过各种媒体或途径有所接触，考生在做这种题目时，不要把自己的主观判断带到做题中，而应以作者的眼光去看这些问题。听这种体裁的短文时，要注意段落开始的总论点以及段落中间的各分论点，注意论点和论据之间的逻辑联系以及文章中的表示过渡的联接词。

应试技巧

——预读选项，预测短文的主题和设置的问题，短文听力一般出题的顺序和文章的顺序是一致的

——要抓住短文中的主题句，注意文中的段首句和结尾句，从而抓住短文的主题

——注意文中的信息标记词（常见的标记词见后），一般标记词后，经常会出题

——注意短文中的问句以及下定义的地方，因为文中出现自问自答的设问句和下定义时，一般会强调答案和定义，这时答案和定义部分通常会出题

——边听边记，抓住短文的重要事实和细节，特别注意选项中出现的时间、地点、人物以及数字等信息，并在选项旁边做出标记

——边听边找答案，听到什么选什么。这时答案一般分两种情况：①选项中出现文章中的原词原句；②选项是对文章中某个词句的解释或替换

——听清问题，确定答案。这时答案一般有以下几种情况：①如果四个选项在听力短文中只提到一个，那么这个一般为正确选项；②如果四个选项在听力短文中提到两个或两个以上，一般特殊强调的那个选项为正确答案，这时一定要在旁边做记号，听清问题，然后做出选择

——保持良好的心态，遇到没听懂的地方，不要过多纠缠，赶快集中精力听后面的内容

短文听力中常见的信息标记词

听力短文的结构一般都比较严谨，逻辑性强，在短文中经常会出现承上启下，表明上下文关系的信息标记词，而且考试时常常会对这些词后紧跟的内容设置考题，所以抓住这些标记词，可以帮助考生在听力中更能准确的抓住关键信息，从而减轻听力的负担。常见的信息标记词主要有：

表示数字的信息词：普通数字、小数、分数、百分比、价格、比率、年代、时刻

表示举例的信息词：for example, for instance, as a case in point, in the case of, as an illustration, such as, like, that is, say

表示比较的信息词：similarly, likewise, in the same manner, the same...as, like, both, equally important

表示对照的信息词：on the contrary, on the other hand, by contrast, unlike, whereas, rather than, conversely, the opposite is true

表示让步的信息词：although, though, nevertheless, however, but, yet, admittedly, it is true...but, in spite of, even though

表示原因的信息词：because, as, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of

表示结果的信息词：thus, so, hence, consequently, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, as a consequence

表示强调的信息词：chiefly, especially, indeed, in fact, certainly, particularly, to be true, actually, above all, most important, worse, as a matter of fact, no doubt

表示递进的信息词：first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, for one thing, for another, not only...but also...

表示结论的信息词：in conclusion, in short, on the whole, finally, lastly, to sum up, to conclude, in any event 

真题示例

（1）请看99年6月第1篇

Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.

11. A) To protect persons and property.

B) To collect taxes.

C) To teach and train citizens.

D) To save natural resources for future use.

12. A) By selling services that make life comfortable.

B) By selling land containing oil.

C) By selling public lands.

D) By selling coal and other natural products.

13. A) Environmental pollution and protection

B) Taxes and services for the public.

C) Police efforts to protect people.

D) People’s attitude toward taxes.

    通过预读，我们可以从选项中反复出现的一些词，如 taxes, service, selling land, police, public, citizens等，我们可以推断出这篇短文应该是与税收、公共服务等有关，应该是一篇议论文。然后我们再分析这几个题的选项，第11题的四个选项都是不定式，不定式一般表示将来或者目的，这时我们听得时候就应该集中注意力于短文中出现将要做某事或者表示目的的句子等细节；第12题四个选项都是以by selling 开头，这时我们听得时候就应集中注意力听短文中出现与卖什么有关的细节，听到什么就选什么；第13题四个选项都是概括性的句子，根据常识此题应该是考查考生对于这篇短文大意的理解，这时，我们听的时候应该着重听文章的段首句、段尾句，从全文入手，把握短文的精髓。通过听这篇短文，我们可以发现第11题和第12题都可以从文中直接听到，只要我们听的时候，坚持先预读选项，边听边看选项，边听边选，听到什么选什么，如果一道题同时听到两个以上的选项，在选项旁边做好记号再听清问题，就能做出正确的选择。第13题，从全篇来看，这篇文章多次提到税收，公共服务等，考试时也不难做出正确的选择。

We use all sort of services without thinking about how get them. （13）But such services cost money. We pay for them through taxes. What would happen if everyone in the city stop paying taxes? The water supply would stop, the street might not get cleaned, there would be not police force to protect people and property. (11）The chief duty of every government is to protect persons and property. More than three fourths of the money spent by our government is used for this purpose. The next largest amount of public money goes to teach and train our citizens. Billions of dollars each year are spent on school and libraries. Public money is used to pay the teachers and other public officials.（12） Years ago the government make money from the sale of public lands. But most of the best public lands have now been sold. The money raised was used to help pay the cost of government. There are still some public lands that contain oil, coal, and other natural products. They could be sold, but we want to save them for future year. So we all must pay our share for the（13） services that make our lives comfortable.

11. What is the chief duty of every government?

12. How did the government raise money in the past?

13. What is the passage mainly about?

参考答案：11. A  12. C   13. B

（2）       再看2005年6月的第3篇，这也是样题中的第二篇

18.  A) Beauty            B) Loyalty

C) Luck             D) Durability

19.  A) He wanted to follow the tradition of his country

B) He believed that it symbolized an everlasting marriage

C) It was thought a blood vessel in that finger led directly to the heart

D) It was supposed that the diamond on that finger would bring good luck

20.  A) The two people can learn about each other’s likes and dislikes

B) The two people can have time to decide if they are a good match

C) The two people can have time to shop for their new home.

D)The two people can earn enough money for their wedding

通过快速预读，我们发现反复出现及可能的关键词：he, two people, finger, diamond, marriage, have time, good match, wedding 等等。由此可以推出，短文中可能会介绍英语国家的婚姻习俗及结婚戒指等方面的内容。第18题四个选项是四个抽象名词，结合后面两道题的选项，问题可能会问某个物品代表或象征什么。第19题四个选项都很长，前两个主语一致，谓语稍有区别，但都和和人的主观愿望或者信念有关，后两个选项的句式也基本上一样，也与人的主观愿望和猜测有关。再看看本题的几个关键词：finger, diamond, tradition, marriage, good luck 等，再根据常识，本题可能会问某个手指与美满婚姻之间的关系，再结合diamond 我们很容易知道该问题应该与砖戒戴在哪个手指上以及这样做的原因。第20题四个选项都是以two people can 开头，很明显是指新郎与新娘。再看四个选项中的不同处：learn about each other’s likes and dislikes, have time to decide if they are a good match,  have time to shop for their new home, earn enough money for their wedding 等，可以推测出问题可能是问新郎与新娘在结婚前为什么会有一段时间的预备期。根据短文的解题技巧，很容易选出这几个题的答案。

The period of engagement is the time between the marriage proposal and the wedding ceremony. Two people agree to marry when they decided to spend their lives together. The man usually gives the woman a diamond engagement ring. That tradition is said to have started when an Austrian man gave a beauty. He placed it on the third finger of her left hand. He chose that finger because it was thought that the blood vessel in that finger went directly to the heart. Today we know that this is not true, yet the tradition continues.

Americans generally are engaged for a period of about one year, if they are planning a wedding ceremony and a party. During this time, friends of the bride may hold a party at which women friends and family members give the bride gifts that she will need as a wife. These could include cooking equipment or new clothing. Friends of the man who is getting married may have a bachelor party for him. This usually takes place the night before the wedding. Only man are invited to the bachelor party.

During the marriage ceremony, the bride and her would-be husband usually exchange gold rings that represent the idea that their union will continue forever. The wife often wears both the wedding ring and the engagement ring on the same finger. The husband wears his ring on the third finger on his left hand. Many people say the purpose of the engagement period is to permit enough time to plan the wedding. But the main purpose is to let enough time pass so the two people are sure that they want to marry each other. Either person may decide to break the engagement, if this happens, the woman usually returns the ring to the man. They also return any wedding gifts they have received.

18. What was the diamond ring said to represent?

19. Why did the Austrian man place the diamond ring on the third finger of the left hand of his would-be wife?

20. What is the chief advantage of having the engagement period?

参考答案：18）A     19）C   20）B