Chapter 2

1. grammar

2. meaning

2.1 choose your words

情态动词的选择

派生词的选择

aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)

known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)

loss of(no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)

mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)

native of(person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)

range of(variety of) vs. ranging (varying)

rate of(speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)

rise (general increase) 不及物 vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase) 及物

such as (for instance) vs. like (similar to)

try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)

impel (force someone to do ) vs. impale (pierce something with an instrument)

cost to X vs. cost of X

father (distance) vs. further (degree of something )

Rising costs of raw material may impel us to raise price further.

2.2 place your words

1）only，all的位置问题

2）Overall words order修饰对象太远的问题

3)代词离指代的名词太远

OG121：Sales in the wines declined in the late1980s, they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.

X Sales in the wines declined in the late1980s, after after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease, they began to grow againe.

 

4）English normally puts subjects in front of verbs.

A referendum is a general public vote in which passed a law or other proposal.

A referendum is a general public vote in which a law or other proposal is passed. (better)

5) 定语从句就近修饰原则（主要指的是which，who，注意that可以跳着指代，只要不跳过谓语动词就行）

2.3 Match your words

这个需要平常的积累和记忆

 

3. concision

1. 我们常说的v>>n

   Differ from>>Have difference between

2. redundancy

  这个一般比较明显，留心一些比较常见的，有

  表时间的previous & in the past

  表数量的rose by a 20% increase, sum to a total of

  Being 必错的三种情况，having必错的两种情况

 

 

Chapter3

1.      Fragment

1)      分清working verb跟past participle.(主要是说那种过去式和过去分词相同的verb，注意看动作的发出者是谁)

eg. named

2)      connecting word必须有逗号

2.      S and V must make sense together

3.      Agreement in number

4.      找真主，去掉middleman

1)      介宾短语

2)      从句

3)      Other modifiers

5.      注重句义，use structure to decide

Of course, meaning should always guide you as you connect a subject up with its verb.

Tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.

6.      Unlike and, additive phrases do not form compound subjects. Rather, additive phrases function as modifiers and therefore cannot change the number of the subject.

Additive phrases 有：

As well as; in addition to; along with; accompanied by; together with; including

就近原则 neither…nor; either…or; there be（manhattan中说不是In spoken English, there is is often used incorrectly with plural subjects.）; not only…but also

Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.

7.      集合名词谓语动词用单数

Collected word：

People: army, group, audience, crowd, agency, orchestra, team, committee

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, furniture

9. 不定代词谓语动词用单数

1) (some-, any-, no-,every-)+( –one, -body, -thing)

2) neither, either, whatever, whoever

3) every, each

但是！

有五个不定代词(SANAM pronounces)要看它指代的对象来确定谓语动词的单复数

它们是：some, any, none, all, more/most

You should look at the noun object of the Of- phrase to determine the number of the subject.

1) Some of the money was…

Some of the documents were…

2）none of…谓语动词单复数都可以

   Not one of… 谓语动词用单数 Not one of my friends is here this weekend.

8.      quantity word格外注意

1）a number of & the number of

a majority of students are…

& the majority is

2) half of 跟随后面的名词(同SANAM pronounces)

  Half of pie is blueberry, and half of slices are already gone.

9.      名词性短语（-ing）和从句谓语动词用单数

10.  倒装的有三类，方法都是：根据谓语动词后面的名词的单复数来决定

1）方位介词在句首的

Near the mountain sits a lonely house.

2）There be (不是就近原则！)

There are a girl and a boy in the room.

3）Prep+which

Pong is a game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.

11.  不确定时，选择单数

总结

 

 

Chapter 5

Once encountered with a pronoun, the first question you must ask yourself is this: “What is the antecedent of this pronoun?”

Once you have found the antecedent, you must make sure that it makes sense, that it is the only possible antecedent, and that it agrees in number with the pronoun.

看到一个指示代词

1）它指代什么（what is the antecedent of this pronoun?）

2）逻辑意思对不对（whether it makes sense?）

3）是否还可以指代其他的词（the only possible antecedent）

4）主谓一致

1. antecedent must exist

Watch out for nouns used as adjectives! They cannot be antecedents of pronouns.

1）The park rangers… (park works as adj.)

2）n+ ‘s/s’ (n不能做antecedent)

2. antecedent and pronoun must make sense together.

Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful and exaggerate, it is simply an extreme fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

要保证逻辑意思上的对等

The term is not a mainframe.

The term refers to a mainframe.

3. the antecedent must be unambiguous

1）同一句话中的they/them/their, it/its 只能指代同一个antecedent.

看句义，如果企图指代不同的，错！

2）如果it前面出现多个单数名词（或they前面出现多个复数名词），不一定错，如果it/they跟前面的某个单数/复数名词平行，即在两句话中的成分作用相同，那么就是对的。

Eg. Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.

4. antecedent and pronounce must agree in number

 

做题时，看到五个指示代词（it, its, they, them, their）要思考上面的4步,尤其是their!

关于this, these, that, those

1.      this, these 不能裸奔

2.      that和it不同

3.      that/those of…也需要主谓一致

Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. (X)

Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.

 

 

Chapter 6

²       adj. & adv.

Adj. + adj. + n. 两个adj.同时修饰N

Adv. +adj. + n.  adv.修饰adj

²      Noun Modifier

Phrases or clauses that modify nouns or pronouns are called Noun Modifier.

六种

1）adj.

2）prep.

3）Relative pronounce (定语从句)

4）分词（可看成是定语从句的省略）

Past-participate(有逗号)

Present-participate（after the n.无逗号）

5）同位语（appositive）

1.      position of none modifiers

1)        misplaced modifier:

which 必须就近指代（GWD-1中有道题跳过了一个介宾短语）

that可以跳着向前找合适的去指代，但是绝对不能跳过谓语动词

2)        dangling modifier

句首出现分词，检查主语是不是逻辑主语

句首为分词，SVO是there be，肯定错

3)        两个long modifiers连用，修饰同一个名词，错

Better：把名词放中间

Best：把其中一个long modifier改成从句，放最后

2.      注意名词所有格形式的，被修饰的是’s, s’后的名词（不管是具体名词还是抽象名词）

3.      relative pronounce

1） which

指代物，地点

前面只能是prep或者”，”

必须就近指代，不能跳

Which不能指代一整句话（经常和,doing或者抽象名词同位语一起出现在不同的选项中）

2） that

指代物

做宾语是可以省略

可以向前跳着去指代，但是绝对不能跳过谓语动词

3） who

指代人（做主语）

4）who

   指代人（做宾语）

   前面没有prep时可以省略

   前面有prep时不能省略

5） where

指代具体的地点

不能指代例如case, situation, arrangement, condition,尤其是选项中同时出现where和in which的时候，如果前面不是具体的地点，in which不能用where替换

指代具体地点的时候，由于可以和in which自由替换，所以where也可以出现在“，”之后

6） when

指代时间，可以用in which替换

4.      essential modifier & non-essential modifier

(也是“, which”跟“that”的区别，“prep +which”和“，prep +which”的区别)

-essential modifier: necessary(不能去掉，无逗号)

The mansion (that has been) painted red is owned by Lees.

-non-essential modifier: unnecessary(去掉也不影响句子意思，有逗号)

This mansion, (which has been) recently painted red, is owned by Lees.

Non-essential: This mansion, for which I yearn, is owned by the Lees.

Essential: The mansion for which I yearn is owned by the Lees.

 

²       Verb modifier

1）adv

2）Present participate（表伴随，主语必须全都是一个）

Doing在句首

SVO，doing

3）Prep

4）Prep+ simple gerund（动名词）: By concentrating, I left my weight.

5）不定式(表目的)

To do…，SVO

SVO +to do.（有逗号就错了）

   To free my leg, I left my weight.

1.      注意主语的一致性

  The weight was lifted by concentrating.（X）

  I left my weight by concentrating.

发出concentrating 这个动作的必须是句子的主语，想想是否符合逻辑！

  The weight was lifted to free my leg. (X)

  I left my weight to free my led.

To do表目的，那么希望达到此目的的必须是句子的主语，想想是否符合逻辑！

也就是说sb want to do sth 的sb是不是SVO的S。

OG-79

In attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions. (X)

Attributing修饰的是perpetrators

If criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.

2.      虽然v modifier的位置比n modifier的位置灵活，即不需要就近修饰，但是，还是要注意不可以产生歧义，要尽量靠近修饰的动作