过去分词作状语的四种情形

四川绵阳南山中学  辉哥 

  我们知道过去分词作状语可表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随。例如：

1.Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
2.Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
3.Seen from the top of the castle, the park looks very beautiful. （表示条件）

从城堡顶端看，公园十分美丽
4.Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to entered the cave.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险进山洞。（表示让步）
5.Filled with hopes and fears, he dived deep into the ocean.（表示伴随）

 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他跳进了深海里。

在分析使用过去分词作状语时，同学对例1、例3和例5那样的结构很熟悉，而对例2、例4那样的结构却感到难以理解，做题时常犯下错误，主要原因是他们不知道过去分词作状语有多种情形。实际上过去分词作状语有四种情形：

一、 分词短语中的动词是表被动完成意义的动词,句子的主语与作状语用的过去分词之间在逻辑上是被动的关系

例：        by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm .（2004，辽宁）

       A．Attracting       B．Attracted        C. To be attracted     D．Having attracted

分析：答案为B。句子的主语与作状语用的过去分词之间在逻辑上是被动的关系。可以把状语部分转换为: （As the girl was ）attracted by the beauty of the nature,… attracted 表示被动意义“被迷住，被吸引”。

二、 分词短语中的动词没有被动意义，而是由一些含be动词的短语或系表结构转换而来。这时，句子的主语与作状语用的过去分词之间在逻辑上并没有被动的关系。学过的能够用于这种结构的常见短语有：be interested in , be well known as, be dressed in, be determined to do, be absorbed in, be fascinated by, be addicted to, be devoted to,等等。

例：________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.（2005，湖南）

  A. Dressed      B. To dress      C. Dressing    D. Having dressed      

分析：答案为A。可以把状语部分转换为：When ( he was ) dressed in a white uniform,…作状语的过去分词dressed来自于“be dressed in” 这个短语。be dressed in 表穿着的状态，如：She is dressed in a blue skirt. 句子的主语he与作状语用的过去分词dressed之间在逻辑上并没有被动的关系。

例：________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police（2005，江苏）

A. Having lost       B. Lost             C. Being lost         D. Losing

分析：答案为B。可以把状语部分转换为: (After the two students were) lost in the mountains for a week,…. 作状语的过去分词lost来自于“be lost in”迷路，迷失。如：He was lost in the forest. 句子的主语the two students 与作状语用的过去分词lost之间在逻辑上并没有被动的关系。

三、分词短语由“while/when/unless/if/once /though/although+ 过去分词”构成。它们都可以转换成由“while/when/unless/if/once /though/although + 主语 + 谓语 + 过去分词”结构，这样，整个句子就变成了状语从句。句子的主语与作状语用的过去分词之间在逻辑上是被动的关系。近年来高考题单项填空题中多次考查了这种用法，值得我们复习时注意。

例：The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it. (2002,广东)

 A. begins 　　B. having begun       C. beginning 　　　D. begun

分析：答案为D。可以把此句转换为状语从句：The research is so designed that once (it is )begun nothing can be done to change it.

例：Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (2003,上海春招)

 A. invited 　　　　 B. inviting 　　　C. being invited 　D. having invited

分析：答案为A。可以把状语部分转换为：Unless (you are) invited to speak,…

例：Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect. (2003上海)

 A. when taking 　　B. when taken 　　C. when to take 　D. when to be taken

分析：答案为B。同样可以把状语部分转换为：…when (the drug is )taken according to directions,…

你能给出下边高考题的正确答案并说明理由吗？

1.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (2004全国IV)

A.     questioning  B. having questioned  C. questioned  D. to be questioned

2.When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.(2004,全国II)

A. introducing  B. introduced C. introduce  D. being introduced

3.When         help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”（2005，福建）

A．offering               B．to offer              C．to be offered           D．offered

4.When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year. (2002,上海春招)

A. completed 　　　B. completing 　C. being completed D. to be completed

答案：1.C (= when a lie is questioned) 2. B (=When these products were introduced)  3. D (=When one is offered to help)  4.A (=When the museum is completed)

四：分词短语中的动词的动作发出者不是后面句子的主语发出的，其逻辑主语同句子的主语也不一致，即独立主格。

作状语用的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，如以上所举的各例。但英语中有一种语法现象，那就是当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。

The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。（分词短语中的逻辑主语the test与句子中的主语 we不一致，分词短语中的动词finished的动作发出者也不是后面句子的主语we发出的）

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　

=After the meeting was gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。（分词短语中的逻辑主语the meeting与句子中的主语 everyone不一致,分词短语中的动词gone over的动作发出者也不是后面句子的主语everyone发出的）

All things considered, I think we ought to take the adventure.

=If all things are considered, I think we ought to take the adventure.

如果周到地考虑，我们应该去冒险。（分词短语中的逻辑主语all things与句子中的主语 I不一致, 分词短语中的动词considered的动作发出者也不是后面句子的主语I发出的）

（