按照美国最近披露的资料，每年美国约有60万人需要置换人工膝关节，按实际开支每人花费15,000.00计算，年花费为90亿美元，多么巨大的经费开支或经济负担？所以说，避免超重或肥胖、避免反复上下楼梯，及其下蹲和登山等而保护膝关节就相当于将钱存银行了。

U.S. Sees a Run on New Knees Since 1990s

Over $9 billion spent annually on the operation, researchers say

TUESDAY, Sept. 25 (HealthDay News) -- The number of Americans getting knee replacement operations has jumped more than 100 percent over the past two decades, keeping many more older adults active and independent, a new study finds.

At about $15,000 an operation, however, the costs to Medicare and other insurers have also ballooned. But experts analyzing fees associated with the procedures say that added productivity and mobility may offset the initial outlay.

Knee replacement is cost-effective, said Dr. Matthew Hepinstall, an orthopedic surgeon at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "This is a surgery that can actually pay for itself in the increased productivity of the person who goes from disability to return to work," said Hepinstall, who was not involved in the study. There are also savings in disability payments and the costs of ongoing care, he said.

The study, published in the Sept. 26 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, found that roughly 600,000 knee replacements are done on Medicare enrollees -- patients 65 and older participating in the government's health insurance -- each year in the United States. The total cost of all these knees is $9 billion, the researchers say.

In the 20 years between 1991 and 2010, first-time knee replacements jumped 162 percent, the study found. Revisions (replacement of an artificial knee) increased about 106 percent in that time period.

Lead researcher Dr. Peter Cram, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine in Iowa City, credits the burgeoning baby boom generation and better success rates with the procedure's popularity.

"We are doing more procedures as the population ages," Cram said. In addition, a higher proportion of that aging population wants the surgery, he said.

With many years of practice, the operation is very safe and the rate of complications remains low, Cram added. For people with severe knee damage, a knee replacement can relieve pain and restore movement.

To examine the effects of knee replacements on health costs, Cram's team collected data on almost 3.6 million Medicare patients who had a knee replacement or a revision of an initial knee replacement in the previous 20 years.

The investigators found initial knee replacements rose 76 percent and revisions increased 99 percent. While success rates were consistent over the period, the number of hospital readmissions within 30 days inched up from 4.2 percent to 5 percent in initial knee replacement patients and from about 6 percent to almost 9 percent among revision patients. That rise in readmissions is largely related to shorter initial hospital stays today, Cram said. After an initial knee replacement, patients now leave the hospital in 3.5 days versus 7.9 days in the mid-1990s, the study found.

Wound infections were one reason for readmissions, but the authors weren't certain of the cause.

Cram said knee replacements last 15 to 20 years, which means many patients may live long enough to need a second operation. However, the newer implants may last longer than the earlier models, he said.

"Implants we are implanting today are different than the one we used 10 to 15 years ago," Cram said. "Hopefully, they're newer and better, but we don't really know that."

Recovery from a knee replacement takes about three months and requires patients to undergo physical therapy. Results depend on the surgery itself and the patient's willingness to work on moving the knee, said Hepinstall.

The study also found that more obese and diabetic patients get new knees nowadays, and more patients are getting outpatient rehabilitation than two decades ago.

The authors cautioned that the study findings might not apply to younger populations or other elderly groups, noting they looked only at fee-for-service Medicare enrollees -- who make up 60 percent of new-knee recipients -- and not managed care Medicare enrollees.

SOURCES: Peter Cram, M.D., M.B.A., associate professor, medicine, division of internal medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Matthew Hepinstall, M.D., orthopedic surgeon, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City; Sept. 26, 2012, Journal of the American Medical Association