‘ex’ – is a Latin word that expresses the following ideas:

“ex”——是一个表示下列含义的拉丁语单词：

1. ‘out’, ‘up’ ‘at’ or ‘off’ or ‘away’, as for example in the word ‘exclaudere’, meaning literally ‘to shut out’, from which we get the English word ‘exclude’.

“向外”、“朝向”、“向着”、或者“分离”或“离开”。例如在“exclaudere”这个拉丁语单词中，其字面含义为“把……关在外面”，从中我们引申出了英语单词“exclude”（排除、排挤）。

2. Intensity; this root can intensify the action of the verb which it precedes, for example: ‘exaggerare’ from ‘ex’ + ‘aggerare’ meaning ‘to heap up’, from which we get ‘exaggerate’. In this sense the ‘ex’ means ‘too much’. This figurative sense would be: ‘to lay on thick’ in the Germanic idiom.

表强烈程度。这个词根会强化它后面动词的行为，例如：从由“ex” + “aggerare” (意为“堆积”)而构成的拉丁语单词“exaggerare”中，我们引申出了“exaggerate”（夸张）。在这种情况下“ex”的意思是“太多了”。它的引申意义在日耳曼语的习语中是“to lay on thick” (夸大的赞扬、恭维)。

3. It can also have a sense of: ‘fully’, for example: from ‘ex’+‘videntum’, from which we get ‘evident’, meaning ‘seen clearly’.

它同样有“完全的、全面的”的意思，例如：由“ex” +“videntum”我们引申出了“evident”，意为“被看得地很清楚”。

4. Used as a ‘living prefix it either has the meaning ‘outside’ or ‘former’( see examples below.)

The form of the ‘root prefix’ ‘ex’ is governed by spelling rules, which are set out below:

“前缀词根”“ex”的形态是由它的拼写规则决定的。 其拼写规则见下：

No change rule

没有变化的规则

1. The ‘root prefix ‘ex’ does not change form before Latin words that begin with vowels or any of the following consonants: c, h, p, q, s, and t. For example:

    “前缀词根”“ex”在以元音开头的单词之前、以辅音：c,h,p,q,s和t 开头的单词之前，不改变其形态。例如：

excidere

= ex + cidere

from which we get the English word:  ‘excise’

从这个拉丁语单词中引申出了英语单词：“excise”（切除、删除）

2. The ‘root prefix’ ‘ex’ never changes when used as a ‘living’ prefix. For example:

“前缀词根”“ex”作为一个“自由”的前缀永远不改变其形态。例如：

an ex-footballer, or an ex-businessman,

or ex-directory.

In such words a hyphen is always used.

在这样的单词中总是要使用连接号的。

Double consonant rule

双辅音规则

The ‘x’ of the ‘ex’ changes in front of a word beginning with the consonant ‘f’, and is replaced by the first consonant of the word. This produces a double consonant, for example:

“ex”中的“x”在以辅音“f”开头的单词之前改变其形态，并被那个单词的第一个字母所同化。这就产生了双重辅音，例如：

From ‘ex’ + ‘facere’

= e+f +facere

from which we get the English word: ‘effect’

从这个拉丁语单词中引申出了英语单词：‘effect’

Drop the ‘x’ rule

去掉“x”规则

The ‘x’ of the ‘ex’ drops out in front of a word beginning with the consonants: b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, and v. for example:

            如果“ex”在以辅音：b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, 和 v开头的单词之前， 去掉“ex”中的“x”。例如：

 ‘ex’ + ‘ducere’

= ‘educere’

from which we get the English word: ‘educate’

从这个拉丁语单词中引申出了英语单词：‘educate’

This study has been divided into 5 parts: Part 1 has all the words that follow the “No change rule’. Part 2 has all the words that follow the ‘Double consonant rule’. Part 3 has all the words that follow the “Drop the ‘x’ rule. Part 4 has all the words that are of a different Latin origin, and Part5 has all the words beginning with ‘e’ that are from other origins.

这节课分为五部分：第一部分是所有遵循“没有变化的规则”的单词；第二部分是所有遵循“双辅音规则”的单词；第三部分是所有遵循“去掉‘x’规则”的单词；第四部分是所有看似是以“ex”或其变体开头的单词，但实际上却是源于其它拉丁词根的单词；第五部分是所有以“e”开头但却是源于其它语言的单词。

ote: 　The main task of this study is to learn the spelling rule of the ‘root prefix’ ‘ex’. The words in the lists are included to give examples of how the rules work and are not for memorisation.

Leave the details and let the differences of the specific meanings be, if you are not completely sure of them. Firstly, try to get the general idea and look carefully how roots combine together.

If you use your energy and stutdying time correctly then you will soon master these rules, and then you can concentrate more and more on the meanings of the roots.

Slowly you will build up your knowledge, and you will start to recognize roots in other words.

注意：   这节课的主题与任务是学习“词根前缀”“ex”的拼写规则。如果你试图学习或记忆下面单词列表中的单词，你会发现自己正离题越来越远，而且在短时间内是不可能一下子把这么多相似的单词都记住的。这些相似性可以帮助你更好地理解这些单词中内在的拼写规则，但却会使你在集中记忆这些单词时越记越混乱。放下细节的部分，允许具体意义的不同——即使你不完全确定它们的意义，抓住整体规律——看看词根与词根是怎样根据要表达一定意思的需要而按照某种内在规则组合在一起从而呈现出形态上的不同的。规律——是学习这节课的目的，请正确合理地运用你的学习时间与精力。在今后的学习中，随着你对更多词根含义的理解及对词根结合规律的掌握，你会发现你并不需要记忆单词。