Unit 5
Task 1:
【答案】
A.
It means to do long and steady work.
It is a company that makes a certain product or offers certain services.
It can refer to many large businesses that manufacture goods for sale.
B.
1) make raw materials into finished goods by using machines
2) A country that manufactures and sells many goods
3) 106,000，20，50，2 million
4) one fourth，500 million
C.
l) The United States became an industrial nation in the years after the Civil War.
2) Using machines, people could produce many more goods and provide many more services, travel longer distances, and send messages faster than ever before.
3) They used surface sources for building materials, mostly wood.
4) Coal and iron.
5) By 1900, he owned a steel company, coal and iron mines steamboats and railroads.

【原文】
The word "industry" has three meanings. People can be praised for their industry. That means long, steady effort to get work done~ People can work in a certain industry. The garment industry makes a certain kind of product. The tourist industry supplies services and promotes trade. A nation can also have a lot of industry. That means it has many large businesses that manufacture goods for sale. The word "manufacture" means "to make by hand". But to manufacture products is to make raw materials into finished goods by using machines.
A country that manufactures and sells many goods is called an industrial nation. The United States became an industrial nation in the years after the Civil War. Factories were being built everywhere. More and more of the nation's work was being done with machines. Using machines, people could produce many more goods and provide many more services. With machines, they could travel longer distances. They could send messages faster than ever before.
Energy was no longer supplied only by wind and water. Now, engines ran on steam. Before, people used surface sources for building materials. Mostly, they used wood. Now, they began to take fuels and building materials out of the ground. Minerals from the earth were the raw materials of a new industrial age.
People used steam engines to drain water and lift coal out of mines. Coal is mostly carbon. Carbon is a better fuel than wood. It gives off much more heat when it is burned. Coal and iron are also used in making steel. The carbon makes the iron very hard and strong. The eastern United States had a lot of iron ore and coal. So steelmaking became an important industry. Soon, steel bridges replaced wooden bridges. These strong steel bridges could carry railroad tracks over wide rivers and valleys. Steel supports made it possible to build tracks high over city streets. Steel was also used to build factories, machines, and railroad cars.
When work moved from homes to factories, workers moved to cities from farms. The growth of Chicago shows how fast this movement took place. In 1860, Chicago had only 106,000 people. It had 20 times that many people 50 years later, in 1910. That meant over 2 million people were living in one place. They needed homes, schools, and stores. There was work in construction or building. There was work in manufacturing and trade. There was work providing services. There was a lot of money to be made.
Manufacturing and construction were at the heart of the new age. The most important new material was steel. Andrew Carnegie came to Pennsylvania from Scotland when he was a child. His first job was winding thread in a cotton factory. He made $1.20 a week. Later, he worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Since people often had to travel overnight, he introduced sleeping cars. Then he started his own iron and steel business. He realized how important steel was going to be. By 1900, he owned a steel company, coal and iron mines, steamboats, and railroads. His factories were making one fourth of the steel in the United States. His company was worth 500 million dollars. He was the richest steel manufacturer in the world.

Task 2:
【答案】
A.
1) Because this period of great national growth and change provided many business opportunities. Or because with so much growth and change, it was a good time for businesses to start.
2) In 1859.
3) When he was 24, he went into the oil-refining business with partners.
4) He built the family business into an empire of wealth. He controlled banks, steel, and railroads. His banks provided money to run factories and develop mines.
5) They were crowded together. Most had to depend on other people's businesses for jobs, and they had to rely on one another more.
6) Cities grew rapidly. City businesses and services grew: larger schools, hospitals, department stores, fire and police departments, telegraph and telephone companies, and power stations to produce or generate electricity.
B.
1) who sees an opportunity and sets up a new business
2) the crude oil from the well，heating it to separate its substances
3) produced，refined，distributed
4) 56,000 kilometers，1900，six times
C.
Workers could make many more goods with machines. Large companies could buy more raw materials for less money. Also, it cost less per item to make many goods at one time. That meant large companies could sell their products at a lower price. Since the products were cheaper, more people could buy them. Then more trains and ships were needed to move products around.

【原文】
A person like Carnegie is called an "entrepreneur". An entrepreneur is someone who sees an opportunity and sets up a new business. Entrepreneurs have to be good managers. They have to be willing to take risks. The late 1800s were good years for entrepreneurs in the United States. With so much growth and change, it was a good time for businesses to start.
Railroads were one new business in which large fortunes could be made. Three rich and powerful railroad owners were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Collis P. Huntington, and Jay Gould.
Other new industries grew up around petroleum, or oil. In 1859, E. L. Drake drilled the first American oil well. Then the crude oil from the well had to be refined. This is done by heating it to separate its substances. An industry was started to do this work.
At first, petroleum was used to make kerosene. The kerosene was used as an oil for lamps. Then in 1873, George Brayton of Boston built an engine that ran on kerosene. Later, petroleum was used to make gasoline. Not until 1889 did a German, Gottlieb Daimler, build the kind of gasolinc engine we use now.
The Rockefeller fortune was made in petroleum. John D. Rockefeller began working when he was still a child. He earned $3.50 a week as a clerk in a grocery store. Then he started a business selling fruits and vegetables. With partners, he went into the oil-refining business when he was 24. His company was called Standard Oil. By 1911, this company produced, refined, and distributed most of the nation's petroleum. John D. Rockefeller lived to the ripe old age of 98. At the time he died, he was the richest person in the United States.
With so much money being made, people needed banks. The Morgan family of Massachusetts made a fortune by investing money and making loans. J. P. Morgan built the family business into an empire of wealth. He controlled banks, steel, and railroads. His banks provided money to run facto-ties and develop mines.
Now, cities could grow upward as well as spread out. That meant that people could live closer together than ever before. City people were not like independent farmers, living far apart. They were crowded together. Most had to depend on other people's businesses for jobs. People also had to rely on one another more. As cities grew larger, more services were introduced. Larger schools were needed, Hospitals were built. Some small shops expanded and became department stores. There were fire and police departments. There were also telegraph and telephone companies. There were power stations to produce, or generate, electricity. The 1880s brought the nation's first electric streetcar.
Manufacturing businesses also grew larger. Workers could make many more goods with machines. Large companies could buy more raw materials for less money. Also, it cost less per item to make many goods at one time. That meant large companies could sell their products at a lower price. Since the products were cheaper, more people could buy them. Then more trains and ships were needed to move products around.
Railroads brought distant parts of the country closer together. In 1860, tile United States had 56,000 kilometers of railroad track. By 1900, almost six times as much track had been laid. This was more than in all of Europe. Now the United States had cities, factories, and railroads. It had communications and banking. It had steam engines and electric power. It had petroleum, coal, and steel. By 1900, the United States had become the largest industrial nation in the world!

Task 3:
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) T
3) T
4) T
5) F
B.
1) He means "begin at the beginning of the current account, American industry".
2) The entry for 1934 sees Oklahoma blowing away; a more recent entry tells how a man lost his homestead, became one of the dispossessed in the city, and never felt at home again.
3) Because on their fourth successful flight that day, they flew 852 feet in 59 seconds.
4) Air travel has shrunk the world dramatically, increased understanding between peoples, and brought every imaginable kind of job. Also mails travel much faster.

【原文】
Big Man: Come in, come in. Shut the door. Please take your seats and we'll get right down to it. Not a minute to lose. I think you'll agree this conference is long overdue as it is. Let me introduce some members of my staff. Mr. Dunn here is our head accountant, and I'll ask him to give us some general background on the various files.
Dunn: Thank you, sir.
Big Man: Mr. Merritt here is our expert on credits evaluation.
Merritt: How do you do?
Big Man: And Miss Scratch is our expert on debits evaluation. We'll call on them whenever appropriate. Today's session will be 20 minutes, no longer. That means, of course that we can merely touch the surface, but at least we'll have made a start. Now, Mr. Dunn would you proceed?
Dunn: Thank you, sir. General File: America. Subfile: Industry: the Growth of American Industry. Accountable: the American People. Interested Parties: the People of the World Present and Future; the Animals of the World, Present and Future; the Natural Resources of the World, Present and Future...
Big Man: Yes, yes, Dunn, be brief.
Dunn: Very well, then. Interested Party: the World in General, Present and Future.
Big Man: Now, begin at the beginning.
Dunn: At the beginning, sir? Well, that's rather difficult.
Big Man: I don't mean at the beginning of beginnings. Those early ledgers just cover our debts to Egypt and Greece and Persia for their developments and those accounts are closed. No, I mean "begin at the beginning of the current account". American industry.
Dunn: I see, yes, well, then we can begin right here in the A's. Hmm, let's see now.., here's a nice fat file. Agriculture. Now, you'll notice that in this early entry, dated 1831, a man with that reaper would be able to harvest four times as fast as a man with a cradle and a scythe. Think of it!
Big Man: Sounds like a remarkable achievement. Yes, Mr. Merritt?
Merritt: I just anted to say that from this early reaper came the whole concept of mechanized agriculture. Where it once took 46 hours to harvest one acre of wheat, it now takes less than half an hour!
Big Man: Remarkable. Then you'd give this a high credit evaluation?
Merritt: Oh yes, certainly. Why, without mechanized agriculture, there's some doubt that the Middle West could ever have been opened up... without slavery, that is. Indeed, the reaper may have served the cause of abolition. And throughout the years, our vast agricultural expansion hasn't benefited the United States alone. For example, right after World Wars I and II, US agriculture virtually kept Europe alive.
Big Man: And you, Miss Scratch. You've heard all of these benefits of mechanized agriculture. Have you anything to say against this remarkable achievement?
Scratch: Yes, I have. Look there, please. The entry for 1934. Look across the plains and see Oklahoma blowing away. The dust bowl, worked to death, and left to blow away. Or this entry, more recent. Follow me down this country road. The farm on the left belongs to a man whose grandfather homesteaded the land back in the 1850s. There's the house, right next to that pepper tree. A nice big verandah and a screen door to bang when kids run through. But there on the verandah porch a hand-lettered sign: FARM FOR SALE. Why are they selling? They can't compete against the big limn combines with their costly equipment and corporate management and all the rest. And where are they going? To the cities, where they will melt in with the other dispossessed and never feel at home again as long as they live where they'll forget the seasons and the soil and forget that things are born new in their season and die in their season mid that this is the way life should be. They'll forget, but worse, their children will never know.
Merritt: Really, Miss Scratch, I think you're romanticizing life on a farm. Life on a farm is hard life.
Big Man: And life in a city is an easy life?
Merritt: Yes, well, let's move on. What's the next file, Dunn?
Dunn: Uh, aircraft. Aircraft and airlines. The airlines industry alone is worth 88 billion dollars annually. Now, historically speaking, it really got off the ground in 1903 when a couple of bicycle manufacturers began testing out their airplane. On their fourth successful flight that day, they were elated when they flew 852 feet in 59 seconds.
Merritt: And with those words "The Eagle has landed", man signaled that he had at last landed safely on the surface of the moon.
Big Man: Yes, indeed, most impressive. What else have you on the credit sheet, there, Merritt?
Merritt: Nothing as spectacular, of course. Air travel has shrunk the world dramatically, and in so doing, it has increased understanding between peoples. And then consider the mails A piece of paper with your message on it can be passed from your hand to the hand of a friend 10,000 miles away in a day or two. The first US airmail route was set up as early as l919...
Scratch: But as early as 1909, a plane was being tested for war. Just where did the airplane go from that sand dune in 19037 To the moon, sure, but also to Pearl Harbor in 1941,to Dresden, to Hamburg. And then, in 1945, an American bomber took off from the island of Tinian. Its destination: Hiroshima.
Merritt: Well, since Hiroshima and Nagasaki, more than 25 years ago, no atom bomb or hydrogen bomb has been used. Think of the employment the aircraft industry brings, every imaginable kind of job, from stewardess to welder...
Scratch: Okay, let's talk about everyday America. Jets are fouling the air and assaulting our ears with noise! And they are contributing to the acceleration of our lives, so that we think we've got to get everywhere in a hurry, even though we don't really know where we're going.

Task 4:
【答案】
A.
1) He wanted to build good, low-priced cars for the general public.
2) They considered it the fastest and surest form of transportation.
3) The last step in Ford's production success was to raise his workers' pay from 2 to 5 dollars a day.
4) His idea was that if workers received good wages, they became better buyers. And if manufacturers sold more products, they could lower prices and still cam money.
5) Because whatever Edsel said, people believed he was speaking for his father Henry Ford.
6) Chevrolet had a different look every year and could be paid for over a tong period of time rather than full payment at the time of sale.
7) People mourned its end, and they recognized that the Model T was the last of the first cars in the brave new world of automobile development.
B.
1903: A doctor in Detroit, Michigan, bought the frst car from the Ford Motor Company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford's dream.
1908: The Model T was ready for sale.
1913: Ford became popular with car buyers when he gave back 50 dollars to each person Who had bought a Ford car.
1916: The price of the Model T had dropped to 345 dollars.
1919: Ford was involved in a dispute with the other people who owned stocks in the Ford Motor Company.
1923: 57 percent of the cars produced in America were Model T Fords. About half the cars produced in the world were Fords.
1926: Finally, even Ford admitted that the age of the Model T was over. A new' Ford was needed
1927: The Model T was gone.

【原文】
In 1903, a doctor in Detroit, Michigan, bought the first car from the Ford Motor Company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford's dream. He wanted to build good, low-priced cars for the general public. As he said many times: "I want to make a car that anybody can buy."
To keep prices low, Henry Ford decided that he would build just one kind of car. He called it the "Model T". The Model T was ready for sale in October 1908.
The Model T cost 850 dollars. It was a simple machine that drivers could depend on. Doctors bought the Model T. So did farmers. Even criminals. They considered it the fastest and surest form of transportation. Americans loved the Model T. They wrote stories and songs about it. Thousands of Model Ts were built in the first few years. The public wanted the car. And Henry Ford made more and more.
To make the Model T, Ford built the largest factory of its time. Inside the factory, car parts moved to the workers exactly when they needed them. Other factories moved some parts to the workers. But Ford was the first to design his factory completely around this system. Production rose sharply.
As production rose, Ford lowered prices. By 1916, the price had dropped to 345 dollars.
The last step in Ford's production success was to raise his workers' pay. His workers had always earned about 2 dollars for 10 hours of work. That was the same daily rate as at other factories.
With wages the same everywhere, factory workers often changed jobs. Henry Ford wan d loyal workers who would remain. He raised wages to 5 dollars a day.
That made Henry Ford popular with working men. He became popular with car buyers in 1913 when he gave back 50 dollars to each person who had bought a Ford car. Henry Ford was demonstrating, his idea that if workers received good wages, they became better buyers. And if manufacturers soldi more products, they could lower prices and still earn money. This system worked for Ford because people continued to demand his Model T, and they had the money to buy it. But what would happen when people no longer wanted the Model T or did not have the money?
In 1919, Henry was involved in a dispute with the other people who owned stocks in the Ford Motor Company. In the end, Henry bought the stocks of the other investors. He gained complete control of the company.
The investors did not do badly, however. An investment of 10,000 dollars when the company was first established produced a return-of 25 milton dollars. A few years later, another group of investors offered Ford 1,000 million dollars for the company. But he was not interested in selling. He wanted complete control of the company that had his name. In a sense, Henry Ford was the company.
Henry's son, Edsel was named president of the company before 1920. No one truly believed that Edsel was running the company. Whatever Edsel said, people believed he was speaking for his father.
In 1923, 57 percent of the cars produced in America were Model T Fords. About half the cars produced in the world were Fords. Never before--or since--has one car company so controlled world car production.
The success of the Ford Motor Company permitted Henry Ford to work on other projects. He became a newspaper publisher. He bought a railway. He built airplanes. He helped build a hospitalt He even ran for the United States Senate.
Some of Henry's projects were almost unbelievable. For example, he tried to end World War I by sailing to Europe with a group of peace supporters.
While Henry Ford enjoyed his success, a dangerous situation was developing. Other companies began to sell what only Ford had been selling: good, low-priced cars. Ford's biggest competitor was the General Motor Company. General Motors produced the Chevrolet automobile.
Ford's Model T was still a dependable car. But it had not changed in years. People said the Model T engine was too loud. They said it was too slow. The Chevrolet, however, had a different look every year. And you could pay for one over a long period of time. Ford demanded tall payment at the time of sale. Ford's share of the car market began to fall.
Everyone at Ford agreed that the Model T must go. Henry Ford disagreed. And it was his decision that mattered. Finally, in 1926, even Henry admitted that the age of the Model T was over. A new Ford was needed. A year later, the Model T was gone.
Strangely enough, people mourned its end. They did not want to buy it anymore, but they recognized that the Model T was the last of the first cars !n the brave new world of automobile development.

Task 5:
【答案】
A.
1) T
2) T
3) F
4) T
5) F
6) T
B.
1) The union executive has decided to ask for a 12 percent increase in basic hourly wage rates in order to make up for inflation.
2) Because the company has made hardly any profit at all this year.
3) Any increase in wages would raise the costs above those of the competitors and would eventually lead to the bankruptcy of this company.
4) If the union could help increase productivity.
5) They'll be forced to resort to industrial action.
6) The management warns that any disruption in production would cause great losses to this company and would result in considerable layoffs of under-productive workers.

【原文】
Mr. Johnson: Good morning, Mr. Evans. What can 1 do for you?
Mr. Evans: The union executive has decided to ask for a 12 percent increase in basic hourly wage rates in order to make up for inflation.
Mr. Johnson: I'm afraid that would be out of the question. We've made hardly any profit at all this year.
Mr. Evans: That's no concern of ours, Mr. Johnson. We have to take care of our families and unless our wages are raised; we'll be unable to make ends meet.
Mr. Johnson: I have my sympathy of course, but you must realize that any increase in wages would raise our costs above those of our competitors and would eventually lead to the bankruptcy of this company.
Mr. Evans: As a matter of fact, your competitors pay higher wages than you do.
Mr. Johnson: Their wages might be slightly higher, but their workers are more productive than ours. If you help us to increase labor productivity, we'll gladly raise your wages.
Mr. Evans: We're willing to discuss separately any proposals you may have for raising productivity, but I'm afraid our wage claim is not open to discussion. If your answer isn't favorable, we'll be forced to resort to industrial action.
Mr. Johnson: Let me warn you that any disruption in production would cause great losses to this firm and would result in considerable layoffs of under-productive workers. I'm prepared to consider your request, but not under duress. I need several days to discuss the matter with the directors. I can probably give you an answer by next Wednesday.
Mr. Evans: Very well. We can wait until then. But I doubt if we would settle for legs than 12 percent.

Task 6:
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) T
3) F
4) T
B.
1) By hand or with simple tools and machines.
2) One in which people did their jobs in their own cottages or homes.
3) British manufactures bought cotton there, made it into finished goods in the UK and sold them back.
4) In big factories.
5) More and more people had to work in factories. They had to move closer to where they were working. So towns and cities grew up around the factories.
6) No longer did they raise their own food or make their own clothing. Often, they lived in rented homes or rooms. If they were unable to work, they had no protection.
C.
During the Middle Ages, most families filled their own needs for cloth. With specialization of work, merchants found it could produce more cloth, thus a cottage industry was formed. New inventions also brought new iron looms and steam power, and more and more jobs came to be done in .factories. In the factory industry, people imported raw materials and sold back the finished goods. The changes in British industry affected everyone.

【原文】
Through the Middle Ages and after, people in the British Isles made most things by hand or with simple tools and machines. Then in the 1700s and 1800s, many new inventions brought great changes in the ways things were made. A whole new world began. These changes are called the Industrial Revolution. A revolution is a great political or economic change. The Industrial Revolution gave Britain the world's strongest economy.
We will look at how the Industrial Revolution changed the making of just one product—textiles or cloth. What happened in this one industry is similar to what happened in other industries.
During the Middle Ages, most families filled their own needs for cloth. Families raised their own sheep, sheared the wool, spun the wool into thread, and wove the thread into cloth. This took long time to do. Each family could make only enough cloth for its own needs.
Then, a great change took place. Merchants discovered that more cloth could be produced if people would do just one job. This is called specialization. The merchants organized the families. Each family did a specific part of the task. Some raised sheep. Others sheared the wool from, the sheep. Still others spun the wool into thread. This thread was taken to other families to be woven into cloth. When each family did only one job, they produced much more cloth per family. Now there was extra cloth to sell to other people. People did these jobs in their own cottages, or homes, so this was called a cottage industry.
At first, cloth was woven on looms powered by hand or by waterwheels. These looms worked slowly and could not be very big. To produce more cloth, the looms had to be changed.
New inventions changed the ways in which people made cloth. Looms began to be made of iron instead of wood. These new looms could be much larger than the old ones. In fact, they became so big that they would not fit in people's homes. They had to be moved to special buildings. Such buildings with many machines and many workers are called factories. Instead of working at home, the workers now had to go to the factories to work.
The new iron looms could not be powered by hand. Water power was also not sufficient. Finally, steam power came to be used. Every factory had to have fuel to heat the water to make the steam. Britain had lots of coal, a black mineral that was an excellent fuel.
The new looms were supplied with thread by new spinning machines. More and more jobs came to be done in factories. The textile industry had changed. It was no longer a cottage industry; it was now a factory industry.
The new machines used so much wool that it had to be imported from other nations. Cotton also came to be used for cloth. The wool and cotton were raw materials. These are things that are grown, raised, gathered, or mined. They are then made into useful things, called finished goods. Typically British manufacturers bought raw materials in other nations. They brought these back to Britain to be made into finished goods. They then sold those goods to the nations from which they had bought the raw materials. Such was the case with the cotton grown in the southern United States.
The changes in British industry affected everyone. Now many people worked in a big factory rather than at home. Each person had to learn to work with people from other families.
People who worked in factories had to live near them. So more and more people moved closer to where they were working. Thus, towns and cities grew up around the factories. These cities became crowded.
People could live m cities only if other people in the country could produce food for them. Farmers began to use new methods that produced more food. This extra food could teed the people in the cities. Many farmers, too, began to specialize in one job like the factory workers.
The lives of the workers were greatly changed. No longer did they raise their own food or make their own clothing. Often, they lived in rented homes or rooms rather than in their own cottages. If they were unable to work, they had no protection. The workers might not be able to pay the rent or feed themselves. At that time, the government did not help people who were out of work.
The Industrial Revolution made it possible for Britain to produce many products quickly. It gave British merchants products to sell all over the world. It made these products cheaper to buy because each worker could produce more. However, the Industrial Revolution also created problems. Some of these problems have still not been solved.

Task 7:
【答案】
A.
1) Nearly One third of the factories in Britain.
2) Industrial conflict was most common in those where workers were organized into unions with full-time shop stewards.
3) Because he thought that it had always been the workers against the management and it wouldn't work any other way.
B.
1) union officials often order a strike, a slow-down or an overtime ban in order to put pressure on the management
2) workers often go on strike to protest the dismissal
3) the sudden strikes which begin without warning，trivial issues like demarcation disputes, factory cafeteria prices
4) the traditionally adversary nature of industrial relations in Britain and the predominance

【原文】
According to the results of a survey conducted in 1978 for the British Government, nearly half of the factories in Britain had experienced some form of industrial conflict in the previous two years and nearly one third had experienced all-out strikes. The proportion was even higher for factories in which the workers were organized into unions with full-time shop stewards.
Conflicts between workers and management arise for various reasons. When wage negotiations break down, union officials often order a strike, a slow-down or an overtime ban in order to put pressure on the management to improve their offer. In declining industries such as shipbuilding and textiles, in which layoffs are very common, workers often go on strike to protest the dismissal of laid-off employees. Less predictable and more disruptive are the so-called "lightning strikes-sudden strikes which begin without warning--which are often related to trivial issues like demarcation disputes, factory cafeteria prices and so on.
The frequency with which British workers resort to industrial action is probably due to two main factors: the traditionally adversary nature of industrial relations in Britain and the predominance ot1 militant shop stewards. A typical union leader a few years ago rejected an epoch-making offer of union representation in the management of a certain large against them and it won't work any other way."