Unit 5

Task 1

【答案】

A.

1) More than 38 million people

2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.

3) Intravenous drug use.

4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV.

B. 1) F  2) F  3) F  4) T

C. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political and financial, have access, one in five, more than half

【原文】

    A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS.

    UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.

   Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease.

   UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the world's population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV.

         “Equally alarming, we have only just begun to witness the full impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we don’t act now, 60 percent of today’s 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.”

         The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users.

    UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent.

    UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well.

     "In Africa, for instance, 60 percent of children have access to AIDS education both in primary and secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa. 32 percent of sex workers that are identified have access to HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population."

    The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007, for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US government's global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.

Task 2

【答案】

A.

1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture

2) won’t, addict, prone

3) genetic, fixed, fated

4) regulations, implications

B.  1) a)   2) b)   3) a)

C.

1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.

2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk.

【原文】

Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, we're all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than ever look for the cause of our habits lying hidden in our genes.

Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of research which weren't possible before and which give the prospect of what you might call an explosion in outcomes in actual findings that we can use.

Mary Gearin: It's a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We haven't established how many of our 40,000 genes may leave us more likely to be addicted, but some scientists do believe they've confirmed a layperson's principle—that we're about half nature, half nurture.

Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in liability to a number of kinds of addiction and that environmental influences, or just the random things that happen to us as we go through life, account for the other half.

Mary Gearin: Of course, genes won't determine who will or won't become an addict, only those who are more prone to becoming one. Listen to a reformed smoker and a leading researcher in the field, Wayne Hall.

Wayne Hall:  I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesn’t mean fixed, immutable, unchangeable, fated. It still leaves plenty of room for human decision, choice and capacity to influence and change behaviour.

Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have inevitably surfaced.

Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed a set of genes, then that might have adverse effects on them in terms of the way others in their social environment treat them. It might have effects if insurance companies take account of that information or employers and so on.

Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions? Our distinctly unscientific sample of smokers told us: not really. If a test came out, would you have yourself tested to see if you had that gene?

Julie: Honestly, probably not.

Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had that gene as well?                  

John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers I'd probably suggest it, yeah. Otherwise I wouldn't worry about it.

Task  3

【答案】

A. 1)    2)    3)     4)    5)

B.

[√] 2.

[√] 3.

[√] 5.

[√] 7.

[√] 9.

[√] 10.

[√] 12.

[√] 13.

C.

1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt

2) high EQ, adults, children

【原文】

Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.

Bill Rodney: Any I’m Bill Rodney. Today we’ll be discussing EQ—not IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence. We've been hearing a lot about EQ lately, and in fact you might have seen Daniel Goleman's best-selling book about it in the bookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotient seems to include both intra- and interpersonal relationships—in other words, how well you handle your own emotions, and how well you respond to others.

Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, that's not exactly a new idea, is it? I mean—I know a lot of old proverbs about thinking before you act, and that kind of thing.

Bill Rodney: That's true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the way you control your feelings is just as important as your education—maybe even more important. But what's really interesting and the focus of today's session is: Can you learn EQ? We'll be talking to three people today—all educators, in their own way—to get their perspective on it. Our first guest is Betty Cortina. Betty, you're an elementary school teacher. Do you really think that some kids have higher EQ's than others?

Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and easy-going than others. And then others are prone to shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I don't want to make it sound as if it's bad to be spirited, or anything, but if you can't control your emotions, even at that age, you can have a lot of problems.

Bill Rodney:  Like what?

Betty Cortina: Well, if you can't deal with setbacks, you don't make progress; and if you're always impatient, your peers don't like you.

Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?

Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having trouble doing a math problem. She gets frustrated with the problem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily, "This is a stupid problem! I hate it!" Another child, with a higher EQ, might be able to handle the situation better. She might try different ways to approach the problem, or ask for help, and so on. And she will be more successful because she won't let her negative feelings get in the way of her task.

Bill Rodney:  I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Let’s see, our next guest is Jim McDonald. Do you want to respond to that question?

Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs for a bank here in the city, and I agree this EQ idea is definitely important. Let’s face it: When the going gets tough, it’s much better for an employee to have a positive, enthusiastic attitude than to dwell on failures. But what I find is that some people just take life in stride and other people don't. I mean, of course you can point them in the right direction—that's what I try to do in my seminars—but some people never learn to improve their EQ.

Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go wrong. They learn to respond well to their emotions. They learn how to sit still and listen, and how to respect others. And I don't believe we are born with a high emotional intelligence quotient. I think we have to learn those skills.

Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I don't see how adults can ever change. I mean, I work with a lot of managers, and the good ones are sharp, perceptive people who respond well to change. I don't think the others can learn that.

Bill Rodney: Why not?

Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how their behavior affects other people. They see no reason to change. Their behavior has negative effects—for themselves and for others—but they don't see it that way. They tend to blame other people for the problems they are having. People like this just don’t work well with other people. I’d say they have a lower EQ and they’ll probably never adjust their behavior.

 

Task 4

【答案】

A.

1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist.

2) Yes.

3) With help, he learned to see that his wife’s success was also his success instead of his failure.

B.

1) T    2) F   3) T

【原文】

Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage counselor, can adults change their EQ's?

Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems. From what I can see, some people, adults, I mean, can change their EQ's.

Bill Rodney: How so?

Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.

Bill Rodney: Did you say "empathize"?

lan Davis: Yes, it's crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each other's feelings. First, you have to put yourself in your partner's shoes. That makes it easier for you to make allowances for your partner's weaknesses. You have to learn to control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.

Bill Rodney: So you're saying people can learn those things? Don't you think that, as Jim said, some people have it and some don't?

Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change. If I didn't think people could change, I'd be in a different line of work!

Bill Rodney: I'm not quite sure I understand what you're saying. Tell us about someone you've seen acquire a higher EQ.

Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients, a husband and wife, a few months ago, and the wife had gotten a promotion at work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course, but he also felt a bit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadn’t gotten a promotion at his job.

Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?

Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I told him to concentrate on the good thing that had happened to his wife instead of thinking about himself. With practice, he was able to see that her success was also his success, not his failure. I really think he raised his own EQ by doing that.

Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And I’ll remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can get a little better it! And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joining us today.

 

Task 5

【答案】

A.

	Shelley Travers	Linda Jenkins	Ray Ishwood
What medical problem did he/she have?	Backache	Wart	Arthritis
How did the doctor treat him/her?	Giving her tests	Recommending an operation	Giving him injections
Was the experience satisfactory?	No	No	No
Did the patient get better later?	Yes	Yes	Yes
What was/might be the cause of the problem?	Hard desk chair	Stress	Cold and rainy weather

B.

1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day.

2) Acupuncture.

3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations.

4) He tends to get better when it’s warmer.

C.

Column 1                  Column 2

Linda Jenkins               Atlanda, Georgia

Shelley Travers              Eugene, Oregon

Ray Ishwood                New York City

【原文】

Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Today's topic is problems with doctors. Now, who hasn't had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didn't take long…here's our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and you're on Body Talk!  

Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City. Thanks for taking my call. I just want to say how important I think it really is for a doctor to listen to a patient.

Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?

Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldn't sleep at night or anything. So I went to my doctor, and he examined me and had me do all these tests and things. And I even had to go into the hospital for some X-rays. But after all that—I mean, I took off a lot of time from work—they told me there was nothing wrong with me. I was thinking about trying alternative medicine and going to a chiropractor when a co-worker... I'm a secretary...  

Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didn't catch all of what you said. You mean, you were in serious pain.., the doctor's tests didn't show anything…you were going to go to a chiropractor...

Shelley Travers: Well, yes, that's right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, "You know, your desk chair is too hard. If you sat on a soft cushion that might make your back feel better." Anyway, she was totally right. So then I felt really mad, because, I mean, I had taken all that time from work to see the doctor, but all I really needed was a cushion!

Bill: So, your doctor hadn't really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?

Shelley Travers: Yeah, that's right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the computer every day. If he had asked some questions, he probably wouldn't have sent me for all those tests!

Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasn't much help. But, I'm glad the cushion worked. Thanks, Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Bill here. You're on Body Talk.

Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and I’m calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to tell you what happened to me… It’s kind of embarrassing though…

Bill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Don't be embarrassed. We're listening

Linda Jenkins: Well... ah... Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly...

Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?

Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one on the bottom of my left foot. So, my doctor said I'd probably need an operation to remove it. Burn it off, or something. He really scared me!

Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?

Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didn't. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk. So, I decided to try acupuncture.

Bill: Wait a minute. I didn't catch that. What did you say?

Linda Jenkins: I tried acupuncture—I went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to me and got me to change my diet and get more rest. She said the wart was probably a reaction to stress. I had been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. I really think that doctors have to be more careful before they recommend operations. Sometimes there's a much simpler treatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients' shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!

Bill: You know, Linda, you're absolutely right! I couldn't agree with you more! Thanks for sharing your story with us. Good-bye, and good luck! Hello, you're on Body Talk.

Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.

Bill: How are you doing, Ray?

Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well.., here's my story. For several years, I've had arthritis in my hands and wrists. This winter—it was so cold and rainy—the pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series of injections, really painful, to my hands. He said that in a few weeks I would feel better.

Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help?

Ray Ishwood: Well... I don't really know... I mean, I'm feeling a lot better now, but I think it's because of the warmer weather. I tend to get worse when it's cold and rainy outside. So, I don't think that the shots were that much help. And they were very painful. I just don't want to continue with them if they don't really make much of a difference.

Bill: You're probably right, Ray. Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, and thanks for calling Body Talk.

 

Task 6

【答案】

A.  1) c)   2) b)

B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicine

C. A. immune system,

B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathing

C. 1. Normal

2. Allergic

【原文】

Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, I'm going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, I'm going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. I'll explain one way the testing is done. I'll also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. That's a lot to cover, so let's begin.

    What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the body—an action of the immune system in your body. The immune system's job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isn't really a problem for the body— that is, it's not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats’ hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats' hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things.

    When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you may have difficulty breathing. These are some of the common signs of an allergy.

     Now let's turn our attention to one specific allergic reaction. Let's look at what happens with a bee sting. Anyone who gets a bee sting will have some reaction. A normal reaction is pain and swelling and redness where the sting is. This type of reaction is also called a local reaction because the reaction is only in the location, the place, where the sting is.

     In contrast, an allergic reaction to a bee sting is a much stronger reaction. It is a general reaction that affects the whole body. This general reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction, a-n-a-p-h-y-l-a-c-t-i-c. This is shown in the figure on page 76, so take a look at the figure. In this kind of reaction, several things happen. There is pain and swelling, but it is all over the body, not just where the sting is. The person's legs, arms, feet, and face usually itch and turn red. It often becomes difficult for the person to breathe. The person can also become weak and confused. The blood pressure may drop. For some people, these reactions may continue for hours unless some medicine is given. In fact, the person can die if he or she isn't given medicine to stop the reaction.

 

Task 7

【答案】

A.  1) T  2) F  3) F   4) F

B. definition, prevention, an unusual, antibodies, symptoms, Untreated, death, the thing, an allergic reaction

C.  under the skin, red bump, less sensitive, several times

【原文】

Now, if you are allergic to something, it's important to know how to prevent these reactions. One question is: How do people know if they are allergic to something, say, if they are allergic to bee stings? One way to find out is to have an allergy test. One type of test is a skin test. To do the test, the doctor injects a small amount of the venom, the poison from the bee, under the skin. You can see this in the left hand figure on page 77. Then, the doctor watches closely to see what happens. The doctor pays attention to two things: the color of the skin and the size of the bump on the skin. This is shown in the right hand figure on the same page. If the skin reacts strongly—in other words, if the bump is big and very red—this means the person is very allergic. If the skin only changes a little, the person is only slightly allergic. If the skin doesn't change, this usually means the person isn't allergic.

If the doctor finds out the person is allergic to bees, or bee stings, allergy shots are often recommended. In the allergy shots, the doctor uses a small amount of bee venom. The doctor does this to make the person less sensitive to the venom, in other words, to build up the person's immunity to the venom. This is similar to what doctors do when they give children shots against childhood diseases like measles.

Each visit, the doctor increases the amount of venom in the shot. The doctor starts off with a very small amount of venom and uses slightly more each time. Increasing the amount builds up immunity to the venom. This immunity will not protect the person from a bee sting, of course. If the person gets stung, he or she will still get a local reaction, but will not have an allergic reaction. Okay, so that's basically how the allergy shots work.

To sum up the main points of our talk today, let's recall what an allergic reaction is and how allergic reactions can be prevented. Remember that an allergic reaction is an unusual reaction to something that doesn't normally affect people. In an allergic reaction, for example, to a bee sting, the body keeps producing antibodies and the person can have an anaphylactic reaction. This can be very serious, and the person may even die if he or she isn't given medicine. Allergy shots help you to prevent an allergic reaction. They help make someone less sensitive to the thing that causes the allergy, such as the bee venom.                                                    

Okay, well, if can remember these points, I think that's all for today.

 

Task 8

【原文】

Want your kids to eat healthy? Check your own diet. The more fruit and vegetables Mom and Dad eat, the more Junior is likely to consume, according to a study of two-to-six-year-olds at London's University College. And youngsters who were introduced to these foods earlier tended to reach for them more often. Those who had been breast-fed ate fruit and vegetables more frequently than bottle-fed kids. The likely reason? Breast milk takes on the flavours of the food Mom eats.

Speaking of milk, researchers found that girls who met calcium requirements had mothers who drank more milk. Moreover, those who got at least the minimum recommended amount of calcium at age five (800 mg daily) were nearly five times as likely to so at age nine (1,300 mg daily).