单词： Newwords:
名词： N.
1.囚犯 1.prisoner
2.灌木丛
2.bush
3.制服
3.uniform
4.来福枪，步枪 4.rifle
5.肩
5.shoulder
6.打击
6.blow
7.运河
7.canal
8.怪物
8.monster
9.海员
9.sailor 10.动物，生物 10.creature
11.浆鱼
11.oarfish
12.选举
12.election
13.反对者，对手13.opponent
14.前（用于名词前缀）14.ex-
15.罢工
15.strike
16.公共汽车司机 16.busman
17.协议
17.agreement
18.压力，麻烦
18.pressure
19.程度
19.extent 20.感激
20.gratitude
21.新闻界
21.Press
22.校长
22.headmaster
23.礼物，赠品
23.gift
24.签名薄，相册 24.album
25.耐心
25.patience
26.鼓励
26.encouragement
27.告别
27.farewell
28.敬意
28.honour
29.巧合
29.coincidence
30.总数
30.total
31.园艺
31.gardening 32.爱好，嗜好
32.hobby
33.快艇
33.speedboat
34.同伴，伙伴
34.companion
35.滑水
35.water ski
36.浮标
36.buoy
37.沮丧
37.dismay
38.汽油
38.petrol
39.探长
39.inspector
40.不在犯罪现场
40.alibi
41.雇主
41.employer
42.真相
42.truth
43.地面，表面 43.surface
44.炸药
44.explosive
45.震动
45.vibration
46.容器
46.capsule
47.层
47.layer
48.小错误
49.slip
50.戏剧
50.comedy
51.艺人
51.artiste
52.报幕员
52.advertiser
53.油炸土豆片
53.chip
54.潜水员
54.diver
55.石油钻塔
55.oil
rig
56.理智，头脑 56.wit
57.笼子
57.cage
58.鲨鱼
58.shark
59.鲸
59.whale
60.品种
60.variety
61.鳕
61.cod
62.鳐
62.skate
63.因素
63.factor
64.全体工作人员64.crew
65.支票薄
65.chequebook
动词： V.
1.进行
1.march
2.闪耀
2.blaze
3.行礼
3.salute 4.见到 4.sight
5.打败
5.defeat
6.正式提出，宣布 6.state
7.减轻
7.relieve
8.自动提出，自愿 8.volunteer
9.不赞成，反对
9.object
10.告诉，通知
10.inform
11.捐助，援助
11.contribute
12.致力于
12.devote
13.转向
13.swing
14.漂动，漂流
14.drift
15.犯罪，犯错 15.commit
16.确认，证实
16.confirm
17.提醒
17.suggest
18.陷入使陷入困境18.trap
19.塌陷，坍塌 19.collapse
20.钻孔
20.drill
21.放下，降低 21.lower
22.进展，进行
22.progress
23.演出
23.present
24.排队
24.queue
25.过度捕捞 25.overfish
26.吓，使恐怖
26.terrify
副词： Adv.
1.迅速地
1.rapidly
2.大胆地
2.boldly
3.绝望地
3.desperately
4.缓慢地，轻轻地 4.gently
5.顺利地
5.smoothly
6.焦虑的
6.anxious
介词：
Prep.
1.在...之下 1.beneath
形容词;
Adj.
1.上了年纪的 1.elderly
2.灰白的
2.grey
3.猛烈的
3.sharp
4.奇怪的，不寻常的4.peculiar
5.闪闪发光的
5.shining
6.从前的
6.former
7.狂热的
7.fanatical
8.激进的
8.radical
9.进步的
9.progressive 10.怀疑的
10.suspicious
11.巨大的
11.tremendous
12.出席，到场的 12.present
13.枯燥，无味 13.dull
14.无疑地，疑问地 14.doubtlessly
词组：
Expressions:
1.战俘
1.the prisoner of war
2.回来，前后
2.up and down
3.到处
3.here and there
4.立正
4.stand to attention
5.有时
5.at times
6.在远海
6.out at sea
7.根本不是一条普通的鱼7.no ordinary fish
8.尽一切努里
8.made every effort
9.首相
9.Prime Minister
10.虽然这次有点疑心 10.Though a little suspicious this
time
11.发脾气
11.lost
one's temper
12.以...为条件
12.be suspicious of...
13.反对
13.be opposed
to...
14.举行罢工
14.go on strike
15.定于某时做某事 15.be due to
begin to do...
16.免费乘车
16.free ride
17.在某种程度上
17.to some extent
18. 为...捐款
18.contribute towards
19.记住...的...
19.remember...for...
20.为..举行的告别宴会20.a farewell dinner in one's honour
21.为向...表示敬意 21.in one's honour
22.真是奇异的巧合 22.It is a
curious coincidence that...
23.总共
23.a total of...
24.致力于...
24.devote oneself to
doing
25.参加宴会
25.attend a dinner
26.脱离，离开
26.came away
27.这一次
27.on this
ocasion
28.耗尽，用光
28.use up
29.绝望的
29.in
despair
30.慢慢的漂动
30.floate slowly
31.准时
31.on time
32.过去常常
32.used to do sth.
33.习惯
33.be used to do sth.
34.营救工作
34.rescue operation
35.事实上，实际上 35.as it is
36.与...保持联系 36.keep in
touch with
37.用尽，用完
37.run out of...
38.失望，丧失信心 38.lose
heart
39.放弃
39.give up
40.散发，发出
40.give off
41.交给，移交
41.give over
42.失言，说走了嘴 42.a slip of the
tongue
43.想方设法看不花钱的戏43.do anything to see a free show
44.当消息一传开
44.when the news got round
that...
45.本来不必要感到失望45.need not have felt disappointed
46.应该出现
46.ought to appear=should
appear
47.煎鱼炸薯条
47.fish and chips
48.北海
48.North Sea
49.被吓昏
49.be
frightened out of one's wits
50.深受人们喜爱的食用品种50.favourite eating varieties
51.结果是
51.as a
result
52.捕鱼
52.catch the fish
53.阻止鱼接近
53.keep the fish away
54.不知所措
54.at one's wits' end
55.大选
55.the elections
56.所有凑钱买此礼品的人56.all those who have contributed towards the
gift
句子：
Sentences:
1.那个战俘杀死卫兵之后迅速地将尸体拖进灌木丛。
2.我想做套西服，因此我买了3码半布料。
3.你应该把旧衣物送人。
4.他去车站迎接他的朋友。
5.小河的水很清澈。
6.他讲授的条理非常清楚。
7.我们可以过马路了，路上没车。
8.她把她的房子收拾的干干净净。
9.渔夫和水手有时声称看见过海里的妖怪。
10.马戏团的小丑出现时大家都笑了。
11.我必须洗手，它们很脏。
12.你见过猫给自己洗澡吗？
13.那个男的被大浪从船上卷入水中。
14.今晚我洗碗。
15.他现在正退出政界。
16.不要发火!
17.在昨晚发生的事情之后，我惊奇地发现他今天早上情绪很好。
18.你应该向他道歉，他非常生气。
19.我在聚会上玩的很开心，心情非常好。
20.别打扰他，他心境不好。
21.我很想开车去乡下兜兜风。
22.他以为通过考试很容易。
23.他认为不得不等待是不对的。
24.我认为他应该受到惩罚。
25.我认为人们这样做是错误的。
26.他太难了，我不理解。
27.它十分容易，我能理解。
28.他们俩个还没有来得及意识到究竟发生了什么事情，
就被猛地抛如海里。
29.今天早上我没赶上火车，我起得不够早。
30.我没买足够的糖。
31.花瓶里的花够多的了。
32.乔治的身材相当高，但要加入警察部队还不够高。
33.我知道他是一个相当好的队员，
但他的球打得还不够好，还不能参加球队。
34.难道你没有注意到有什么异常？
35.如果不是因为土壤下面有一层坚硬的岩石，
他们的营救工作仅用几个小时就可以完成了。
36.他们离钻透还早着呢。
37.他们的食物快吃光了。
38.一群男孩在追那个乞丐。
39.那个男孩差点被汽车压着。
40.不要开得这么快，这辆车还没试过车。
41.我在瑞典时偶尔遇到了海尔盖。
42.我们都明白这个可怜人本该说什么，但是实际他所说的却是...
43.人们有自由选举领导他们的人。
44.她还是独身吗？我愿意为她去年4月就已经结婚了。
45.电影院外面排着长长的队。
46.我喜欢这场演出，因为我坐在第5排一个好位子上。
47.这栋房子有点古怪的地方。
48.潜水员常常要在水面100英尺以下摸黑工作。
49.简和基斯一直是我的好朋友。
50.油煎鱼和炸薯片一直是英国人喜爱的一道菜。
51.你的工作不够好。
Sentences:
51.Your work is not good enough.
50.Fish and chips has always been a favourite dish in
Britain.
49.Jane and Keith have always been good friends of ours.
48.Diver who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under
water.
47.There is something funny about this house.
46.I enjoyed thye performance because I had a very good seat in
the fifth row.
45.There was a long queue outside the cinema.
44.Is she still single?I thought she was going to get married
last April.
43.The people are free to choose who will govern them.
42. We all know what the poor man should have said,but what he
actually said was...
41.I ran into Helga while I was in Sweden.(I met her by
accident)
40.Don't drive so fast.This car hasn't been run in yet.
(The car must be driven slowly so as not to
damage the new engine.)
39.That boy was nearly yun over by a car.(The car nearly hit
him)
38.A crowd of boys ran after the beggar.(They chased the
beggar.)
37.They are running out of food.(Thet have nearly used up all
their supplies.）
36.They still have a long way to go.
35.If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the
soil,
they would have completed
the job in a few hours.
34.And you didn't notice anything unusual?
33.I knew he is a fairly good player,
but he doesn't play well
enough to get into the team.
32.George is a fairly tall person but still not tall enough to
get into the police force.
31.There are enough flowers in that vase.
30.I didn't buy enough sugar.
29.I missed the train this morning.I didn't get up early
enough.
28.Both men had hardly had time to realize what was
happening
when they
were thrown violently into the sea.
27.It is easy enough for me to understand.
26.It is too difficult for me to understand.
25.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.
24.I feel it right that he should be punished.
23.He considered it wrong that she should have to wait.
22.He thought it easy to pass the examination.
21.I am in the mood for a drive into the country.
(I would very much like to
go for a drive into the country.)
20.Don't disturb him.He is in a very bad mood.
(He is not cheerful, but
necessarily angry.)
19.I enjoyed myself at the party.I was in a very good mood.(I
was cheerful.)
18.You should apologize to him.He is in a very bad temper.(He
was angry.)
17.After what happened last
night, (He
was not angry.)
I was surprised to find that he was in such a good temper this
morning.
16.Keep your temper!(Don't get angry!)
15.He is now retiring from political life.
14.I will wash up tonight.(I will wash the dishes.)
13.The man was washed overboard by a big wave.
12.Have you ever seen a cat washing itself?
11.I must wash my hands.They are very dirty.
10.Evrybody laughed when the circus clown made his
appearance.
9.Fishmen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in
the sea.
8.She keeps her house very clean.
7.We can cross now.The road is clear.
6.His instructions were very clear.(They were easy to
understand.)
5.The water in the stream was very clear.
4.He went to the station to greet his friend.
3.You should give all this old clothing away.
2.I wanted to have a suit made so I bought three and a half
yards of cloth.
1.When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly
dragged him into the bushes.
语法：
Grammer:
1.一般将来时：
Simple Future Tense：
2.过去完成时： Past
perfect tense
3.过去完成进行时：
Past perfect continuous tense
4.直接引语间接引语： Direct
speech and indirect speech
1.一般将来时：
Simple Future Tense：
am/is/are/going to + do和will/shall + do
1) shall用于第三人称单数，常被will 所代替,二者都可以缩写成'll。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +动词原形\地点，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next
month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm.
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next
Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
一般将来时
1．一般将来时的基本概念
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成。
美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。
2．一般将来时的形式
●will 常简略为 'll，并与主语连写在一起，
●一般疑问句如用will you…？其简略答语须是Yes，I will或 No，I
will not；
如用 Shall you…？（较少见）其简略答语须是 Yes，I shall．或 No， I shall not．。
3．一般将来时的用法
1）表示将来的动作或状态
一般将来时常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用，如：
tomorrow（明天）， next week（下周）， from now
on（从现在开始）；
in the future（将来）等。
2）表示将来经常发生的动作。
4．一般将来时的其他用法
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，其表达形式除了
“shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成”外，还有以下几种形式。
1）“to be going
to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：
①It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
②We are going to have a meeting today.
今天我们开会。
2）go，
come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay，live,fly,
等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如：
I'm leaving for Beijing.
我要去北京。
3）“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：
①Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗？
②The boy is to go to school
tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。
4）“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。
后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：
We are about to leave.我们马上就走。
5）某些词，如come， go， leave， arrive， start， get， stay
，live,fly
等的一般现在时也可表示将来。
①The meeting starts at five
o'clock.会议五点开始。
②He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车
一般将来时的五种表达:
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。
常常与表示将来的时间状语连用。常用的表达形式共有五种，现归纳如下：
一、用will或shall表示。“助动词will或shall＋动词原形”
这一形式，表示将来发生的事情，用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请。
在口语中will用于所有人称，书面语中第一人称常用shall。如：
1. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 明天就是星期天。
2. The rain will stop soon. 雨很快就要停了。
3. Shall we go there at five? 我们五点钟去那儿，好吗？
4. Will you please open the door?
请你把门打开，好吗？
二、用be going to结构表示。“be going to＋动词原形”
用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，
意为“打算；就要”。如：
1. We”re going to meet outside the school gate.
我们打算在校门口见面。
2. Look! It”s going to rain. 瞧！快下雨了。
三、用现在进行时表示。表示位置转移的动词（如：go, come, leave, start,
arrive等），
可用现在进行时表示将来时。如：
1. Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。
2. They”re leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京。
四、用一般现在时表示。根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作，在时间和条件状语从句中，
都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如：
1. The new term starts (begins) on August 29th.
新学期八月二十九日开学。
2. If it doesn”t rain tomorrow, we will go out
for a picnic.
如果明天不下雨，我们将出去野餐。
五、用“be＋动词不定式”或用“be about to ＋动词原形”的结构表示。如：
1. He is to visit Japan next year.
明年他将访问日本。
2. They”re about to leave. (=They”re leaving.)
他们就要走了。
练习：
( )
1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow
afternoon.
A. will be going
to B.
will going to be
C. is going to
be D.
will go to be
( )
2. Charlie ________ here next month.
A. isn’t
working
B. doesn’t working
C. isn’t going to
working
D. won’t work
( )
3. He ________ very busy this week, he
________ free next week.
A. will be;
is
B. is; is C. will be; will
be
D. is; will be
( )
4. There ________ a dolphin show in the
zoo tomorrow evening.
A.
was B.
is going to have C. will
have
D. is going to be
( )
5. ___you ___free tomorrow?No.I __free the
day after tomorrow.
A. Are; going to;
will
B. Are; going to be; will
C. Are; going to; will
be
D. Are; going to be; will
be
( )
6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my
next birthday.
A. will
gives
B. will give C.
gives
D. give
( )
7. – Shall I buy a cup of tea for
you?_______. （不，不要。）
A. No, you
won’t.
B. No, you aren’t.
C. No, please
don’t.
D. No, please.
( ) 8.
Where is the morning paper? I ________ if for you
at once.
A.
get
B. am getting C. to
get
D. will get
二、动词填空。
1. I __（leave）in a minute. I __（finish）all my work
before I ___（leave）.
2. —How long __ you __（study）in our country?I
__（plan）to be here for
about one more year.I __（hope）to visit the other
parts of your country.
What ___ you ___（do）after you
___（leave）here?I ___（return）home and
______（get）a job.
3. I ______（be）tired. I ______（go）to bed early
tonight.
4. Mary’s birthday is next Monday, her mother
__（give）her a present.
三、句型转换。
1. People in the north often go skating in winter.
（next winter）
2. There are two cinemas in that
town. （next year）
3. He comes back late.（in two
days）
4. She is a conductor of a
train.（soon）
参考答案：
一、单项选择。
1. C 2.
D 3.
D
4.D 5.
D 6. B 7.
C 8.
D
二、动词填空。
1. am leaving ; will finish ;
leave 2.
will ; study ; plan ; hope ;
will ; do ; leave ; will return ; get3. am ;
will 4.
will give
三、句型转换。
1. People in the north will go skating next
winter.
2. There will be two cinemas in that town next
year.
3. He will come back late in two days.
4. She will be a conductor of a train soon.
一、单项选择。
(
) 1. The day
after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match.
A.
will
watching
B. watches C. is
watching D.
is going to watch
( ) 2. There
________ a birthday party this Sunday.
A.
shall
be B.
will be C. shall going to
be
D. will going to be
( ) 3. They
________ an English evening next Sunday.
A. are
having
B. are going to have C. will having
D.
is going to have
( ) 4.
________ you ________ free next Sunday?
A. Will;
are B.
Will; be C. Do;
be
D. Are; be
( ) 5. He
________ there at ten tomorrow morning.
A.
will B.
is C. will
be
D. be
( ) 6.
____your brother _______ a magazine from the library?
A. Are; going to
borrow
B. Is; going to borrow
C. Will;
borrows D.
Are; going to borrows
二、动词填空。
1. I am afraid there ___（be）a meeting this
afternoon. I can’t join you.
2. Mike ___（believe, not）this until he ___（see）it
with his own eyes.
3. Most of us don’t think their team
______（win）.
三、句型转换。
1. China is a modern and strong
country.（in twenty years）
2. Do you study hard?（from now
on）
3. She didn’t speak English at
the meeting.（before long）
The keys:一、单项选择。
1.
D
2.
B
3.
B
4.
B
5.C
6.
B
二、动词填空。1. will
be 2.
won’t believe ; sees 3. will
win
三、句型转换。
1. China will be a modern and strong country in
twenty years.
2. Will you study hard from now on?
3. She won’t speak English at the meeting before
long.
过去完成时： Past
perfect tense:
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词+其他）？
基本用法:
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。
即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，
也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200
pictures from thespaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，
常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes
when a bus finallycame.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since
1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，
反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a
good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I
had not studied mylesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，
先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
例如:I returned the book that I had
borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had
lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句
（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
例如： He said that he had known her
well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week
before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；
发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon
as,till/until引导的
例如:When I woke up, it had already stopped
raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her
work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，
特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，
因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，
这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked
hard to improve hisEnglish.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,
intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，
希望，打算或意图等。
例如： They had wanted to help but could not get
there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you
.我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no
sooner…than…,
It was the first (second, etc)time (that)…等固定句型中。
例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the
audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away
again.他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of
work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
时间状语:before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no
sooner……than
过去完成时-语法判定1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine
o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words
by the end of lastterm.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last
Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，
即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，
从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard,
thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film
before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，
动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
After he had finished his homework, he went to
bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和
after
本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
如：After he closed the door, he left the
classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend,
mean, suppose等，
用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We hadhoped that you would come, but you
didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.
We hadn't seen each othersince he went to
Beijing.
过去完成时-语法区别
一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，
与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) +
过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，
已过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，
只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1000 English words so
far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till
then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few
minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。
（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；
而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较：They had arrived at the station by ten
yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten
yesterday.
2.
在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：
先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy. Her whole family were
pleased with her, too.
She had just
won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，
只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon
as
引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and
read an eveningpaper.
练习：
1．I lost the dictionary I ________．
A．have bought B．bought C．had bought D．had been
bought
2．The train had gone when my brother _______ at
the station．
A．have arrived B．arrived C．had arrived D．am
arriving
3.Mary __ of visiting her grandmother but the
bad weathermade her change her mind.
A．has thought B．thought C．had thought D．had
been thought
4．Did you meet Tom at the airport？No，he ____by
the time I____there．
A．has left；got B．had left；arrived
C．left；arrived D．left；had got
5.Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting
yesterday？He __________ Beijing．
A．has gone to B．had gone to C．went to D．had
been to
6.I ____to come to help you．But you didn’t
come．
A．have meant B．had meant C．meant D．will
mean
7．Finally one of my friends _______ by Beijing
University，
for
which she ___ five tim
A．were admitted; had tried
B．was admitted; had tried
C．were
admitted; has tried D．was admitted; tried
8.I have bought you the books you
want.Oh，good，I ____afraid you had forgotten．
A．was B．am C．had been D．have been
9．We _____ four thousand new words by the end
of last year．
A．had learned B．have learned C．learned D．will
have learned
10．Helen ____her keys in theoffice so she had
to wait until her husband ___home．
A．has left；comes B．left；had come C．had
left；came D．had left；would come
11. My father ____to the hospital when I
hurried home.
A. had gone B. went C. had been taken D. had
been sent
12. Jim, ________ you
_________ your homework?
Yes, of course, but I ________ it late bed time.
A. do do; finished B. did do; had
finished
C. have
done; hadfinished D. have done; finished
13. You ____ football after school. Why not go
home and do yourhomework first?
A. always played B. are always playing
C. have always played D.have always been
playing
14. Eversince Picasso’s painting went on
exhibit,
there ____
large crowds at the museumevery day.
A. is B. has been C. have been D. had
been
15.What do you think of my suggestion?
Sorry.
What’s that?I _____ about something else.
A. was thinking B. thought C. am thinking D.
had thought
Ⅱ.填空：
1. How many English songs ____ she ___ (learn)
bythe end of last month?、
2. Hardly _______ I ______ (get) on the bus
when it started tomove
3. He __________________(read) the book before
he was ten yearsold.
4. She said she ___________________ (see) the
film before.
5. Our English teacher _____(teach) English
inGuangxi for ten years
before he came to No.113 Middle School.
6. By the end of last month, they
______(complete)thebridge .
7. No sooner ________ I _______ (go) out than
he came to see me.
89. The classroom ____(clean) before we
____(get) there yesterday.
10. ___the boy ____ (finish) his homework
before yousaw him?
11. When we got to the station, the train ____
already____. (leave)
12. The book ____ by the end of last month.
(finish)
13. When I got back to the shop , my bag
___(take)away by someone else.
14. When I arrived at the cinema, the film
___(be)on for ten minutes.
15.What’s that terrible noise?The neighbors
__(prepare) for a party.
16. The mayor of Beijingsays that all
construction work
for the Beijing Olympics ______ ( complete)
by2006.
17. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her
class,
______(visit) a museum when the earthquake
struck.
18. Mr. Johnson didn’t turn up at the meeting
yesterdaymorning, did he?
No. We ___(wait) till twelve o’clock. A whole
morningwas wasted.
19. Why haven’t you asked her to come
here?
She __(do) an important experiment when I found
her andshe ___(not, finish) it.
答案：
Ⅰ. 1-5 CBCBB 6-10BBAAC 11-15. DDBCA
Ⅱ. 1. had learnt2. had got 3. had read 4. had
seen 5. had taught
6. had completed 7. had gone8.
had gone 9. had been cleaned, got
10. Had finished 11. had left 12. had
beenfinished 13. had been taken
14. had been on 15. are preparing 16. will
havebeen completed 17. was visiting
18. were waiting 19. was doing,
hasn’t finished
过去完成进行时：
Past perfect continuous tense：
（一）构成：过去完成进行时是由"had been +现在分词"构成。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she
took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感
Had they been expecting the news for some time?
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
（二）用法: 1. 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。
和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态, 上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去的时间。
I had been looking for it for days before I found
it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few
minutes when it came. 他们只等了几分钟车就来了。
2. 表示反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
3. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those
days. 我问他们那些天呆在哪儿。
4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有"突然"之意的when分句。
I had only been reading a few minutes when he
came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short
while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
（三）过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较:
She had cleaned the office, so it was very
tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。 (强调结果)
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to
wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。
(强调动作一直在进行)
1. They ____on the program for almost one week
before I joined them,
and now we
_____it as no good results have come out so far. (2005 江苏)
A. had been working; are still
working
B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have
worked
D. have worked; are still working
2. Father ______ for London on business upon my
arrival, so I didn't see him. (2005 福建)
A. has
left
B.
left
C. was
leaving
D. had left
3. The policeman's attention was suddenly
caught by a small box
which ______ placed under the Minister's car. (2005 广东)
A. has
been B. had
been C. was
being
D. would be
答案：1.A。解析：不难看出第一空的动作发生在I joined them以前，且持续了一个周，
应该用过去完成进行时；and now说明下面的动作仍在进行之中，应该用现在进行时。故选A。
2.答案：D。解析：由"I didn't see him"可知父亲在我回来以前已经离开，
动作发生在过去某个动作以前，故选用过去完成时。答案D。
3.答案：B。
直接引语间接引语： Direct
speech and indirect speech
一． 什么是直接引语和间接引语
直接引语是直接引用别人的话； 间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话。
我们完全可以把间接引语理解成宾语从句（多数情况下）。
直接引语：Tom said , “I am a student.”
间接引语：Tom said that he was a student.
二．它们的区别
1.
两者的符号不同直接引语前有逗号“，”直接引语后有双引号 “”
三．如何把直接引语变成间接引语
1．直接引语出现的第一人称，无论是主格、宾格，根据意思改变人称。如：
He said: “My mother is a teacher.”
He said his mother was a teacher.
2. 若主句谓语动词是一般过去时， 直接引语变成间接引语要调整时态。请看下表：
|
直接引语
|
间接引语
|
|
现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
过去时
过去完成时
将来时
将来进行时
将来完成时
过去进行时
|
过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成时
不变
过去将来时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成时
过去完成进行时
|
2．
指示代词、时间状语和动词也要作调整。请看下表：
|
|
直接引语
|
间接引语
|
|
指示代词
|
This
these
|
that
those
|
|
地点状语
|
here
|
There
|
|
动词
|
come
|
go
|
|
时间状语
|
Now
Today
Tonight
This week
Yesterday
Last week
Three days ago
Tomorrow
Next week
|
Then
That day
That night
That week
The day before
The last week
Three days before
The following/ next day
The next week
|
四. 句型的调整
（1）
若直接引语为一般疑问句（即倒装语序），
改为间接引语时要用if/ whether
引导的宾语从句。
She asked me, “Can you swim?”---
She asked me if /whether I could
swim.
(2)
若直接引语为特殊疑问句，间接引语就要变为相应的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked me ,”When did you go to the
city?”----
He asked me when I went to the
city.
He asked us, “What are you doing
now?”
He asked us what we were doing
then.
(3) 若直接引语是选择疑问句， 变成间接引语时应用
whether…or
“Do you like rice or noodles?” Marry asked
me.
Marry asked me whether I liked rice or
noodles.
(3)
若直接引语为祈使句，间接引语要改为下面的句型： tell sb
(not)to do sth
ask sb (not)to do
sth
order sb (not) to do sth
注意：1.如果直接引语的谓语动词是一般过去时，而且引用的句子是客观真理，
在变成间接引语的时候， 时态不变。
The old man said to his grandson, “The earth
rises in the east.”-------
The old man told his grandson that the earth
rises in the east.
2．
在直接引语变成间接引语时，如果引语的内容是含有一般过去时的时间状语，
在变成间接引语时， 仍然用一般过去时。
To our great surprise that the actor said to
us, “I was born in 1958.”
To our great surprise that the actor told us that he was born in
1958.
3．时间状语的变化中应该注意：
He said, “I criticized him yesterday. ”
He said that he criticized him yesterday.
（间接引语的主句和直接引语的主句的动作在同一天发生，仍用yesterday）
He said that he had criticized him the day before.
（间接引语的主句的动作发生在间接引语的主句的动作之后，
yesterday该为the day before,
同时该为过去完成时）
精讲：引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct
speech)。
用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect
speech)。
一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said, “I'm
busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）
Mr. Black said that he was
busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），
that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1、 人称的变化
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)
变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语
(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。
直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，
人称不变。
He said ,
“I like it very
much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。
→He
said that he liked it very
much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)
He said,
“You told me this
story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”
→He said
that I had
told him that
story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。
(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)
He said to me,
“She’s left her book
in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”
He told me that she
had left her book
in my room.
他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。
（She’s→she had， her不变，your→my）
2、 时态的变化
（1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。
直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表：
He said, “I
usually watch TV
on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。
→He said that he
usually watched TV
on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。
He said, “I'm using the
knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。”
→He said that he was
using the
knife.他说他正在用小刀。
She said, “I have not
heard from him since
May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”
→She said that she had
not heard from him since May.
她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。
He
said，“I came to
help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”
→He said that he had
come to help
me.他说他来帮助我。
He said, “I had
finished my homework before
supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”
→He said that he had
finished his homework before
supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。
Zhou Lan said, “I'll
do it after
class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”
→Zhou Lan said that she would
do it after
class.周兰说下课后她就去做。
He said,“I shall be
doing my homework
then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”
→He said that he should be
doing his homework
then.他说那时他将正在做作业。
He said, “We shall have
finished the work by that
time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”
→He said that they should have
finished the work by that
time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。
注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher said, “The
earth is round.
”老师说：“地球是圆的。”
→The teacher said that the
earth is round.老师说地球是圆的。
He said,
“I was born
in Shangdong in 1965.” 他说:
“我1965年生于山东。”
→He said that
he was born
in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。
He said,
“Columbus discovered America
in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”
→He said
Columbus discovered America
in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变
He says,
“I finished the
work.”他说：“我做完工作了。”
He says that
he finished the
work. 他说他做完工作了。
He will say,
“I have
watered the
flowers.” 他会说：“我己经浇花了。”
He will say he has
watered the flowers.
他会说他己经浇花了。
3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化
He said, “I met Mr.
Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”
He said that he had met Mr.
Smith that morning.
他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。
He said, “We went to the
cinema yesterday.”
他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”
→He said they had gone to the
cinema the day
before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。
Lily said, “I will come
back next
month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”
→Lily said that she would go
back the next
month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。
He said, “It is nine
o'clock now.”他说：“现在九点了。”
→He said that it was nine
o'clock then.他说那时九点了。
He said, “I haven't seen
her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”
→He said that he hadn't seen her that
day .他说那天他没有见到她。
She said, “I went
there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”
→She said that she had gone
there the day
before.她说前一天她去了那儿。
She said, “I'll go
there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”
→She said that she would go
there the next
day.她说第二天她将去那儿。
He said, “My sister
was here three
days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”
→He said that his sister had
been there three
days before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。
(here→there; ago→before)
She said, “I
will come here this evening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”
→She said that she
would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿。
（come→go；here→there；this→that）
以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。
如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there, come也不必改为go,
如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。
Father said,“I am
free this
afternoon ”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。”
→Father said that he was
free this
afternoon. 父亲说他今天下午有空。
He said, “I am going there
tomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”
He said that he was going there
tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。
巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。
三、直接引语是疑问句时
直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。
其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。
巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。
1、直接引语是一般问句
变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，
则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them,
us等。
She said,
“Is your father
an engineer?” 她说：“你父亲是工程师吗?”
→She asked me whether my father was an
engineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师。
The
teacher said to
Li Ming,
“Have you finished
your homework?”老师对李明说：“你做完作业了吗?”
→The
teacher asked Li
Ming whether he had finished
his homework.老师问李明是否已做完作业了。
2、直接引语是特殊问句
如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how
many
作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。
如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。
巧记：直接去引号，陈述语序莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did，要去掉。
“What do you do every
Sunday morning?”my
friend said to
me.我的朋友问我说，每星期天上午你做什么?
→My
friend asked me what
I did every Sunday morning.
我的朋友问我每星期天上午我做什么。
“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the
teacher asked.
老师问道：“你上哪里去了，李明?”
→The
teacher asked Li
Ming where he had been.
老师问李明曾去过哪儿。
I asked her, “How many English books will
you read next term?”
我问她说：“下学期你将读多少本英语书? ”
→I asked her how
many English books she would
read the next
term.我问她下学期将读多少本英文书。
“When did you get up
this morning?”asked my
father.我父亲问道：“今天早晨你什么时候起床的?”
→My father asked
me when I
had got up that morning.
我父亲问我那天早晨我是什么时候起床的。
注意： 直接引语里是：What's wrong with……?/What's the matter? /What's
the trouble?/What has happened?/
等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。
He said to her“What’s the
matter with you?”他问她“你怎么了？”
He asked her what was the
matter with her. 他问她怎么了。
四、直接引语是祈使句
巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
转述祈使句时，要使祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一词,改为间接引语时，就将please去掉。成为：told
(asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something结构。
He said,“Sit
down, please.” 他说：“请坐。”
→He asked me to
sit down. 他让我坐下。
The
teacher said, “Don’t
talk in class! ”
老师说：“上课不要讲话! ”
→The teacher told
us not to talk in
class!老师要我们上课不要讲话。
The captain said to his
men,“Fire! ”上尉对他的士兵们说“开火！”
→The
captain ordered his men
to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵们开火！
The policeman said to the children,“Don't
play football in the middle
of the street.”警察对孩子们说：“别在马路中间踢足球。”
→The
policeman warned the
children not to play football
in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子们不要在马路中间踢足球。
改错：
1.He said that he is going to London.
2.Tom said they had finished the job yesterday.
3.She asked me don’t smoke in the room.
4.They asked that he was there.
5.I asked you where was he going.
6.The teacher told us not talk any more.
7.The doctor said to his wife, Not wait for
me.
8.He asked me who I am.
9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.
10.Mother asked what the matter was.
II.将下列句子改为间接引语
1. “Where will you go tomorrow?”, Mother asked me.
2.The old woman said to me, “Please lock the door for me.”
3.The boy told his teacher, “We went to an exhibition
yesterday.”
4.He said, “I'll go to the station to see off a friend of mine this
afternoon.”
5. “Hello,how are you?”, he said to me.
6.Tom said to me angrily, “Why don’t you tell me you have been here
for two weeks?”
7.John said to Mary,“Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace
from you?”
8.The teacher said to Li Ming,“Don’t make the same mistake
again.”
9. “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”, I asked her.
10.The nurse said to the children, “The sun rises in the
east.”
III.将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that ______ never ______ meat.
2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ ______ ______ wallet.
3. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her.
4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in
the west.”
The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in
the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ met the day ______.
6. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I ______ to go ______ before five.
7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.
He said that he _______ bought the house 10 years _______.
8. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He ______ ______ I had seen her the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there
10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother ______ ______ ______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
He asked me _______ _______ _______been _______ days.
12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked ______ ______ knew where she ______.
13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.
He ______ the children ______ ______ making so much noise.
14. “Don’t tell him the news.” she said.
She told me _______ ______ ______ him the news.
15. “Are you intested in this?” he said.
He ______ ______ I was interestd in ______.
参考答案:
I. 1.is→was 2.yesterday→the day
before 3.don’t→not
to
4.that→if
5.was he→he
was 6.not 后面加to 7.Not→Don't
8.am→was
9.tomorrow→the next day 10.was the
matter
II. 1.Mother asked me where I would go the next day.
2.The old woman asked me to lock the door for her.
3.The boy told his teacher that they had gone to an exhibition the
day before.
4.He said that he would go to the station to see off a friend of
his that afternoon.
5.He asked me how I was.
6.Tom asked me angrily why I didn't tell him I had been there for
two weeks.
7.John asked Mary if she remembered he had borrowed a diamond
necklace from her.
8.The teacher told Li Ming not to make the same mistake
again.
9.I asked her whether she was leaving that day or the next
day.
10.The nurse told the children that the sun rises in the
east.
III.1. he, ate
2. told, had, found, his
3. she, had, taken 4. rise,
goes
5. told, had, before 6. had,
there
7. had, before 8. asked, if
[whether], before
9. told, could 10. how, she,
had
11. where, I, had, those 12. if
[whether], I, lived
13. told, to, stop 14. not, to,
tell
15. asked, if [whether], that
请看下表：
|
直接引语
|
间接引语
|
|
现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
过去时
过去完成时
将来时
将来进行时
将来完成时
过去进行时
|
过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成时
不变
过去将来时
过去将来进行时
过去将来完成时
过去完成进行时
|
2．
指示代词、时间状语和动词也要作调整。请看下表：
|
|
直接引语
|
间接引语
|
|
指示代词
|
This
these
|
that
those
|
|
地点状语
|
here
|
There
|
|
动词
|
come
|
go
|
|
时间状语
|
Now
Today
Tonight
This week
Yesterday
Last week
Three days ago
Tomorrow
Next week
|
Then
That day
That night
That week
The day before
The last week
Three days before
The following/ next day
The next week
|
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