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你认为自己是什么样的人

Your Are What You Think 你 认为自己是什么样的人 ， 就是什么样的人

58.Your Are What You Think 你认为自己是什么样的人，就是什么样的人

And if you change your mind---from pessimism to optimism---you can change your life 如果你改变想法---从悲观变为乐观---你就可以改变自己的生活

1.   Do you see the glass as half-full  rather than  half-empty? 你看酒杯是装了半杯酒而不是半杯没装酒吗 ？

Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut,not upon the hole? 你的眼睛就是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔洞吗？

Suddenly these cliches are scientific questions,as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间成了科学问题。

2.A fast-growing body of research---104 studies so far,involving some 15,000 people---is proving that optimism can help you to be happier,healthier and more successful. 迅速增长的大量研究工作---迄今已有 104 项研究项目，涉及 15 ，000 人 --- 证明乐观可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。  

Pessimism leads,by contrast ,to hopelessness,sickness and failure,and is linked to depression,loneliness and painful shyness. 与此相反，悲观则导致绝望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧孤独、令人痛苦的腼腆密切相关。  

"If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston,"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills." 位于休斯顿的赖斯大学心理学家雷格·A·安得森说 ：“ 如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就像为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。 ”

3."Your abilities count," “你的能力固然重要。”

explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie-Mellon University in Pitturgh," 匹兹堡的卡内基-梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说 ，

but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will." “但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”

In part,that's because optimists and pessimists deal with  the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways. 在某种程度上 ， 这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

4.Take for example your job. 以你的工作为例。  

In a major study,psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中调查了大都市人寿保险公司的推销员 ，

They found that the positive thinkers among long-time representatives sold 37 percent more insurance than did the negative  thinkers.（ 10词汇） 他们发现工龄较长的推销员中的积极思考者比消极思考着要多推销 37% 的保险额 ，

Of newly hired representatives,optimists sold 20 percent more. 在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20% 。

5.Impressed ,the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. 公司受到了启发 ， 便雇佣了 100 名虽未通过标准企业测试但态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

These people,who might never have been hired ,sold 10 percent more insurance than did the average representative. 这些本来可能根本不会被雇佣的人售出的保险额比推销员的平均销售额高出 10% 。

6.How did they do it? 他们是如何做的呢 ？

The secret to an optimist's success,according to Seligman,is in his "explanatory style". 据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式 ” ，

When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. 出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。

"I'm not good at this," he says. "I always fail." 他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。 ”

The optimist looks for other explanations. 乐观主义者则寻找漏洞 ，

He blames the weather,the phone connection,even the other person. 他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至责怪对方。

That customer was in a bad mood,he thinks. 他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。  

When things go right,the optimist takes credit while the pessimist thinks success is due to luck. 当一切顺利时，乐观主义者把一切功劳都归于自己而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

7.Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross. 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。

When they failed on the first call or two,pessimists said,"I can't do this."  When pessimists fail  in their first attempt, they usually say, "I can't do this."（ 10词汇） 当他们的第一个、二个电话未能得到对方的同意时 ， 悲观者说 ： “ 我干这是不行。 ”

Optimists told themselves,"I need to try a different approach." 乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。"

8.Negative or positive,it was a self-fulfilling prophecy.无论是消极还是积极的看法，都是一种本身会成为事实的语言。  

"If people feel hopeless," says Anderson,"they don't bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed." 安德森说 ：“ 如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。 ”

9.A sense of control,according to Anderson,is the litmus test for success. 据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石 ，

The optimist feels in control of his own life. 乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。

If things are going badly,he acts quickly,looking for solutions,forming a new plan of action,and reaching out for advice. 如果事情不顺利，他立刻作出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求忠告。  

The pessimist feels like a toy of fate and moves slowly. 悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。  

He doesn't seek advice,since he assumes nothing can be done. 既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求忠告。

10.Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify---and sometimes that's what keeps them alive. 乐观主义者也行认为自己比事实能够证明的要强---有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。

Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pitturgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. 匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。  

For the women who were generally optimistic,there was a longer disease-free interval,the best predictor of survival.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这时生存下去的好预兆。  

In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer,Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists. 在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。

11.Optimism won't cure the incurable,but it may prevent illness. 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。

In a long-term study,researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, 在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。

all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition. 所有这些人都是班上较好的学生并日健康状况良好。  

Yet some were positive thinkers,and some negative. 他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。  

Twenty years later,there were more middle-age diseases among the pessimists than the optimists.20 年后，悲观者中病的人数要比乐观者多。

12.Many studies suggest that the pessimist's feeling of helplessness undermines the body's natural defenses,the immune system. 许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。  

Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doesn't take good care of himself. 密执安大学的克电斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。

Feeling passive and unable to dodge life's blows,he expects ill health and other misfortunes,no matter what he does. 他消极被动，不会避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其它灾难降临。  

He eats unhealthy food,avoids exercise,ignores the doctor,has another drink. 他吞吃着不利于健康的营养价值低的食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，总是要再贪一杯。

13.Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism,but are inclined in one direction or the other. 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。  

It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee," says Seligman. 塞利格曼说，这是一种所谓“早在母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式 ，

It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements,negative statements,or positive ones.来自千万次警告或鼓励，肯定的或否定的话语。

Too many "don'ts" and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent ,fearful---and pessimistic. 过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧---以及悲观。

14.As they grow,children experience small triumphs,such as learning to tie shoelaces. 随着年龄的增长，儿童会体味到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。  

Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control,and that breeds optimism. 家长可以促使这类成功转变成控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。

15.Pessimism is a hard habit to break---but it can be done. 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。  

In a series of studies,Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school. 在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。

As she helps students to change the explanations for their failures---from "I must be dumb" to "I didn't study hard enough" ---their academic performance improves. 在她帮助那些屡屡出错的困难学生改变他们对失败原因的解释时---从“我准是很笨” 变成 “我学习还不够努力”--- 他们的学习成绩也提高了。    

16.Pitturgh's Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。

In a pilot study,two groups of colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment,but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. 在一次试验性研究中，两批结肠癌病人受到了同样方式的治疗。但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。

Results showed that this worked. 试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果。  

Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease. 现在已在计划实施一项重大研究以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情进展。

17.So,if you're a pessimist,there's reason for optimism. 因此，如果你是个悲观主义，你完全有理由乐观起来。  

You can change. 你能改变自己。

Here's how,says Steve Hollon,a psychologist at Vanderbilt University: 以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法 ：

18.<1>. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. 当糟糕的事情发生时，注意你的想法 ，

Write down the first thing that comes to mind,without any changes or corrections. 写下你头脑中最先出现的想法 ， 不要改变或者更正它。

19.<2>. Now try an experiment. Do something that's contrary to any negative reactions. 现在来做个试验 ， 做一些和消极应对相反的事情。  

Let's say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think,I hate my job,but I could never get a better one? 比如说，你的工作有些问题，你是不是在想：“我恨我的工作，但是我找不到一个更好的。”

Act as if that weren't so. 采取一些行动，就好像事实并非如你想的那样。  

Send out resumes. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job information. 寄出简历，参加面试，浏览查找培训和工作的信息。  

20.<3>. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? 看看然后发生了什么，你最初的想法是对的还是错的。  

"If your thoughts are holding your back,change them," says Hollon. “ 如果你的想法阻止你前进，那就改变它。”霍朗说 ，

"It's trial and error,not guarantees,but give yourself a chance." “这是个反复尝试的过程，未必有成功的保证，但是会给你一个机会。”

21.Positive thinking leads to positive action---and reaction. 积极的思想导致积极的行动和反应。  

What you expect from the world,the evidence suggests,is what you're likely to get. 证据表明，你对外界期望些什么，你就很可能得到什么。