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[转载]高考英语书面表达—概要写作高分技巧及训练

(2022-03-21 18:48:37)
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高考英语书面表达概要写作高分技巧及训练

技巧点拨】

写概要写作时要先读懂原文,把握文章主旨大意和作者观点,抓关键词,筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后,借助已掌握的语言知识,对原语篇进行“浓缩”,写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇,既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致,又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。

一、写作步骤

考生可以从以下五个步骤来进行概要写作:

1.通读全文,判断体裁

一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理,能否把握文章的体裁,都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此,通读全文可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑,判断文章的体裁奠定基础。

2.查找信息,分清主次

概要写作,要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时,要弄清主要信息和次要信息,把次要信息剔除,以免影响概要写作的简洁性;同时,要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。

3.概括大意,提炼内容

考生在理解全文内容,弄清主次关系之后,可以初步写出每段的段落大意,注意要忠于原文,避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。

4.获取要点,灵活表达

为了使所写概要简明、扼要,要对罗列的每段大意进行整合;同时为了避免使用原文的句子,需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换,用不同的句式进行转换,并在必要的地方使用连接词,使表达连贯通顺。

5.检查修改,整理誊写

写完初稿后,需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查:看是否包括了原文的所有要点,语言词汇的运用是否准确和地道,以及行文是否流畅;另外,还要注意词数限制和书写规范。

二、概要写作要做到以下几点:

1.简洁性:即用尽量少的语言对较长原文的简洁重述;

2.自主性:即用自己的话语进行概写,避免对原文进行抄袭照搬;

3.理解性:即表现作者对原文本的精准理解。需要注意的是,考生不能对原文进行解释和评论,也不能掺杂任何个人想法,或做出任何评判,因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句;

4.忠实性:即概写内容和中心思想必须忠于原文主旨,不可偏离主题、肆意篡改;

5.连贯性:概要写作并非简单罗列要点,各个要点之间要有恰当衔接,使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。

三、阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容:

(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;

(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;

(3)上下文的连贯性;

(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。

四、改写句子基本方法

1.同义替换法

Tom thought of an idea.

An idea occurred to Tom.

2.正话反说法

I think wealth is less important than health.

I don’t think wealth is more important than health.

3.词性转换法

Your suggestions are super valuable.

Your suggestions are of great value.

4.利用介词短语法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.

5.句式变化法

(1)语态变换

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

Computers are widely used in the world today.

(2)简单句变复合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

(3)连词衔接法

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

He insisted on staying rather than going.

(4)词序改变法

 Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

(5)利用特殊句式法

Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.

Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.

五、高分技巧

【技巧点拨】

写概要写作时要先读懂原文,把握文章主旨大意和作者观点,抓关键词,筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后,借助已掌握的语言知识,对原语篇进行浓缩,写出一个新的语篇。而新的语篇,既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文保持一致,又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。

一)写作步骤

考生可以从以下五个步骤来进行概要写作:

1通读全文,判断体裁

一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理,能否把握文章的体裁,都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此,通读全文可以为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑,判断文章的体裁奠定基础。

2查找信息,分清主次

概要写作,要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息的能力。在第二遍细读时,要弄清主要信息和次要信息,把次要信息剔除,以免影响概要写作的简洁性;同时,要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。

3概括大意,提炼内容

考生在理解全文内容,弄清主次关系之后,可以初步写出每段的段落大意,注意要忠于原文,避免出现遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。

4获取要点,灵活表达

为了使所写概要简明、扼要,要对罗列的每段大意进行整合;同时为了避免使用原文的句子,需要考生灵活采用同义词或近义词进行替换,用不同的句式进行转换,并在必要的地方使用连接词,使表达连贯通顺。

5检查修改,整理誊写

写完初稿后,需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上进行检查:看是否包括了原文的所有要点,语言词汇的运用是否准确和地道,以及行文是否流畅;另外,还要注意词数限制和书写规范。

二)改写句子基本方法

1同义替换法

Tom thought of an idea.

→An idea occurred to Tom.

2正话反说法

I think wealth is less important than health.

→I don’t think wealth is more important than health.

3词性转换法

Your suggestions are super valuable.

→Your suggestions are of great value.

4利用介词短语法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.

5句式变化法

(1)语态变换

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

→Computers are widely used in the world today.

(2)简单句变复合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

(3)连词衔接法

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

→He insisted on staying rather than going.

(4)词序改变法

 Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

(5)利用特殊句式法

Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.

→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.

高分技巧:

[转载]高考英语书面表达—概要写作高分技巧及训练

【真题训练】

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2019·浙江】Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.

Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”

Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

                                                                            

                                                                            

                                                                            【参考范文】

Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids.(要点1) However, both too much and too little praise can be damaging.(要点2) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and focus on the process rather than the result.(要点3) They are supposed to give praise according to how much effort their kids have put into the work they chose to do.(要点4)

概要写作专项练习

1. 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

   While many of us go to sleep before midnight, some teenagers choose to stay up much later. They are not driven by the burning desire to write a better essay or achieve a higher grade. Instead, they are busy playing online games. Known as young Internet addicts, they have long been a problem in China. A report released in 2016 by the China Youth Association for Network Development showed that there were over 24 million young Internet addicts among China’s young urban Internet users. The report also said that over 18 million youths had a tendency to develop Internet addiction.

   To deal with the problem of Internet addiction among teenagers, the Cyberspace Administration of China has released draft regulations which carried out a ban on online gaming. If the regulations are adoptedunder-18s would be banned from playing online games between midnight and 8 am.

   As soon as the government’s draft law surfaced, it drew great attention from the public. Some  applauded the law as a way to better protect minors (未成年人)saying that too much overnight gaming is harmful to minors’ health and believing the period between midnight and 8 am to be vital to human physical functions. However, others wondered whether it would be practical if it came into effect, as minors could just borrow their parents’ IDs to register accounts to play online games. The Guangming Daily suggested that parents should help their teenagers find a balance between the cyber world and the real world.

  China is by no means the only one trying to fight against teenager gaming addiction. Germany introduced a regulation in 2002 in an attempt to stop minors from playing online games from 10 pm to 6 am. Meanwhilethe UKthe US and Australia have forced a rating system on computer games to make sure that teenagers cannot access “adult” content such as violencesex or bad language.

 

【答案】

Many teenagers in China have become addicted to overnight online games. Thusthe government released a draft law to solve the long-lasting issue. Some people welcomed the law because it is beneficial to the teenagers’ healthwhile others doubted whether it would be effective. Actually, many other countries have also been making laws against the youth online addiction.

 

2. 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

   A group of scientists led by Song Mingyang at the Massachusetts General Hospital analyzed data from two major studies involving more than 150,000 participants to determine whether people who consumed protein(蛋白质) from red and processed meats had a significantly higher death rate than those who got their protein from plants. The analysis of the 32­year Nurses’ Health Study, followed by the Health Professionals Follow­Up Study at Harvard Universitydidn’t just look at the diets of the participants over a     year. It stared repeatedly—specifically how often they consumed portions of particular types of food during the previous years—every four years.

   Song’s team found that a 10 percent increase generally in proteins from animals resulted in a 2 percent increase in deathand an 8 percent rise in death risk from heart disease. But a 3 percent increase in protein from plants led to a 10 percent decrease in death and a 12 percent drop in risk of death from cardiovascular­related (心血管相关的) death.

   “The findings are clear,” said Song. “A research fellow at the hospital’s Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit concluded that plant­based proteins from sources such as beansnutsquinoa and seeds are a healthier choice than steaks or beef products such as hot dogs. I wouldn’t suggest that everyone switch to people not eating any animal products. That’s because certain meats—chicken  and fishfor  example—also result in a much lower death risk overall and from heart disease.”

But the traditional American dietpopular with animal products such as burgersmeatballsmeatloafsteakseggs and dairyis associated with a variety of bad outcomes, ” Song said. In some cases, it’s not just that meat is bad and plants are good. Processed meats are filled with potentially unhealthy additives (添加剂)Song said he set about the study because while others have suggested healthy benefits from a plant­based diet, none looked at the source of protein. “We were able to link information over the years. The data from the two large, long­term studies provided a unique opportunity to look at long­term health outcomes, ” he said.

 

【答案】Some researchers surveyed many people for years to find whether protein from meat or plants brings a higher death rate to human. Researchers have found that protein from plants works better at reducing death rate. But a balanced amount of meat is also good at reducing death rate. Song’s study has stated the source of proteins and figured out the benefits of animal products.

 

3.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

   Mount Fuji is a world­famous mountain in Japan. It is one of Japan’s “Three Holy Mountains” along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku.

   Mount Fuji is 3,776 meters highand its perfect beautiful shape can be seen from all around. Mount Fuji presents different faces in different seasons. In Japanpeople describe the mountain as “Diamond  Fuji” when it is at dawn or dusk and as “Red Fuji” when the mountain is lit by the early morning sun.

  Mount Fuji is an important part of Japanese culture. The mountain has been the subject of numerous works of art. It has also been part of Japan’s ancient faiths.

  Mount Fuji is one of the world’s classic examples of a strato volcano(层状火山), meaning that it is formed from many layers () of hardened lava (硬化熔岩) that has spread to produce a huge base. The last eruption (爆发) of Mount Fuji was in 1707.

   There is a collection of hot springs and lakes nestled around Mount Fuji. The views over the springs are wonderfulwith endless blue waterfresh green water plants and fish swimming lazily. You can soak (浸泡) in outdoor hot springs while admiring the view of Mount Fuji and have Japanese foodsuch as fresh sweet fish.

   At the northern foot of the mountain, about 1,000 meters above sea level, is the Fuji Five Lake area. The shores of the lakes are decorated with seasonal flowers. The image of Mount Fuji reflected on a lake surface is called “Upside­Down Fuji” in Japan.

The Japanese used to believe that God lived on Mount Fuji. Japan’s highest mountain and highest volcano is closely woven (编织) into the country’s legends and artand is drawing thousands of tourists.

【答案】 Mount Fuji  is one of Japan’s “Three Holy Mountains”. It presents different faces in different seasons. It is one of the world’s classic examples of a strato volcano. Around it there is a collection of hot springs and lakes. Seasonal flowers make the shores of the lakes beautiful. It attracts thousands of tourists.

 

4.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

   A million people will live on Mars within one hundred years. This is the brave expectation of Elon  Muskthe founder of the space technology company Space X“We need to fully focus on becoming a multi­planet civilization. That’s the next step,” he said in a recent interview with Aeon. Musk expects to see about 80,000 people living on Mars by 2040.

   It’s all about protecting the human race from extinctionaccording to Musk. The Earth has always  been a ticking (滴答作响的) time bomb. As the sun begins to dieit will grow biggerbecoming what is known as a Red Giant. In 500 million yearsthe  sun will have become large enough to kill any plant and animal life on the Earthaccording to US scientist Edward Guinan. In a billion yearsthe Earth will have become a hot planet with little or no water.

  The brave dream of getting the human race to Mars is not only Musk’sothers have made planstoo. A Dutch company set up the Mars One Foundationhoping to be the first project to put humans on Mars. It received over 200,000 applications to become part of the first group of astronauts to go there. According to Mars Onehuman settlement on Mars is possible with existing technologies.

  Waterfoodenergy and oxygen are needed for life anywhere. According to Mars Onewater that was still in the Martian soil would be boiled and taken out. By using a process called “electrolysis”astronauts could turn water into hydrogen and oxygen for breathing. Astronauts on the international space station have already done similar things. Food can also be grown in space. Certain plants such as lettuces and onions can be grown using LED light for different color spectra(光谱) and much less heat. NASA has been reaching this to prepare for visiting Mars.

 

【答案】According to Elon Musk, many people will live on Mars in the near future. By doing so, human beings can avoid being ruined by the increasingly bigger sun. Luckily, the dream for human to settle on Mars is made possible. Continuous scientific research can make water, food, energy and oxygen available  in space and on Mars.

 

5. 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Computers have changed the way a business functions to a large extent. In the past, corporate houses rented spaces for running accounting departments.It took months together to figure out profit or loss that a business had made or suffered.However, computers have become the backbone of all businesses now. Today, computers are used beyond bookkeeping (记账) purposes too. Almost everything that happens in an organization is recorded, worked upon and evaluated with the help of computers.

Imagining our lives without computers is next to impossible. Computers were initially used only in workplaces. However, they soon became a household name, which revolutionized everything from school homework to grocery shopping. When the Internet came into beingit caused a great change in the way we functioned. Over a period of timecomputers enabled working from home, which created a new type of employment.This gave usage of computers, within the confines (界限) of homesa new part.As technology  progressedsimple things such as shoppingbooking ticketsbuying a new housesearching for schools and colleges, researching for projects and medical information became a lot easier with entry of computers  in every household.

As an indispensable tool in our lives, computers have changed the way we think in more ways than one. Today, all you have to do about finding answers is just “Google it”! The online world of blogging, instant  messaging, chatting and social networking not only leaves virtual traces, but unites the world in a completely unimagined way.This powerful medium is the great mode of mass communication which  affects our thinking by providing people with a platform to voice their opinions and begin discussions that have brought about a change in the world.

Computers have pushed us to see different worlds and experience different cultures.The revolution in Egypt is the latest example of how computers changed the world. Today the identity of information technology is computers. Invention of this machine has changed the world’s perspective about cultures, economics, history and current affairs.The advent (到来) of computers has no doubt brought a revolutionary change in our existence.

 

【答案】Computers have brought great changes to our lives for the past few years.Firstlycomputers have changed the traditional way that people do business greatly.Secondly, computers have become an  important part of our lives and benefited us in many ways. Besides, computers have changed our way of thinking. More importantly, computers allow us to experience different cultures without leaving home. In conclusion, computers have been one of the greatest inventions.

 

6. 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

   Punishing children is a controversial (争议的) topic. Everybody has different opinions about how to act to correct a child’s behavior. People have disagreements about whether it is good for a child’s education to punish him.

   The word “punish” means different things to different people. Punishment can be physical or emotional.  Physical punishment is when the parent hits the child. On the other hand, emotional punishment is when  the parent, in order to educate the child, doesn’t let him watch TV, go to play with his friends, or do things like that.

   Although many surveys and studies have showed what the correct way is to raise a childnobody has the answer or the truth. There is no such thing as agreed standard about raising a child, so I think it will be very difficult to get everyone to agree.

   I think parents should love their child and give him or her the best education, but at the same time, they should punish the child properly if he or she deserves it. The parent’s goal is to have a good man or woman in society in the future, so sometimes you should do what is necessary to get your child to behave well.

【答案】People have mixed opinions towards punishment to children. There are mainly physical and emotional punishment. As a matter of fact, it is difficult to find the agreed standard to raise a child. Proper punishment can be instructive and necessary to children while love and education are the most important for us to make our kids behave well.  

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