Ⅰ.Multiple choices （２０＇）

1.     (　b ) Language is the means of communication of man which is confined by many factors. Such factors may be classified into              .

a. linguistic factors            b. linguistic　＆　non-linguistic factors

c. phonetic factors            d. phonetic ＆　non-phonetic factors

2.     ( b ) On diplomatic occasions one’s wording should be          

a. elegant ＆ technical       b. formal ＆ elegant

c. elegant ＆ freely          d. technical ＆ specialized

3.     ( c )At academic conferences               words are often used.

a. informally ＆ elegant 　　　　　b. elegant ＆ technical

c. technical ＆ specialized 　　　  d. specialized ＆ freely

4.     （a）He had no more idea of art than a cow. What rhetoric is used in this sentence?

a. simile       b. metaphor        c. analogy       d. zoosemy

5.     ( d )Simile can be classified into three kinds. Which of the following is not right?

a. the Descriptive               b. the Illustrative  

c. the Illuminative              d. the Imaginative

6.     ( b )             is the basic figure in poetry.

a. simile       b. metaphor        c. analogy      d. zoosemy

7.     ( b ) “In foreign policy, flying solo can be risky business”,           is used in this sentence.

a. metonymy      b. metaphor     c. analogy       d. simile

8.     ( a ) “He is a wolf in sleep’s clothing”,           is used in this sentence.

a. zoosemy      b. metaphor        c. simile          d. analogy

9.     ( b )           is used in the phrase “sweet voice”.

a. Zoosemy      b. Synaesthesia      c. hypallage       d. Metonymy

10.  ( a ) “His coward lips did from their color fly”,          is used in this sentence.

a. hypallage      b. zoosemy         c. metonymy       d. simile

11.  ( c ) “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread”,         is used in this sentence.

a. hypallage       b. simile         c. metonymy        d. metaphor

12.  ( a ) “There are about a hundred hands”,            is used in this sentence.

a. synecdoche     b. hypallage      c. zoosemy        d. metaphor

13.  ( a ) “Both sides are looking for a virgin birth, a deal with no obvious father”, so,            is used in this sentence.

a. antonomasia      b. metaphor       c. zoosemy      d. simile

14.  ( c ) “He is a bit slow for his age”,            is used in this sentence.

a. antonomasia      b. metaphor       c. euphemism       d. zoosemy

15.  ( a ) “Hamlet: I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum”,             is used in this sentence.

a. hyperbole       b. hypallage      c. metaphor        d. simile

16.  ( a ) “I shan’t be sorry when this is over”,          is used in this sentence.

a. understatement     b. simile      c. metaphor     d. zoosemy

17.  ( a ) “The bells! The bells! ”            is used in this sentence.

a. repetition      b. metaphor       c. simile        d. zoosemy

18.  ( d ) “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately”, so,           is used in this sentence.

a. repetition      b. metaphor      c. zoosemy       d. syllepsis

19.  ( c ) Which of the following styles is not mentioned in the text?

a. advertisement English         b. scientific English

c. common English               d. everyday conservational English

20.  ( d ) which of the following characters is not involved in choosing words in rhetoric?

a. accuracy                       b. precise

c. concise way of expression      d. elegant

 

 

Ⅱ.Blank fillings （２０＇）

1.     Rhetoric, according to Longman Modern English Dictionary, is the art or science of communication in words.

2.     Appropriateness and accuracy should be involved in communication. By appropriate, one should vary one’s tone and way when speaking or writing to a different audience.

3.     Classical rhetoric was not a unified system and it was mainly concerned with the study of human tradition with Aristotle’s Rhetoric as its theoretical foundation.

4.     Communicative rhetoric refers to negative rhetoric; aesthetic rhetoric refers to positive rhetoric.

5.     Simile is introduced by such words as “like”, “as”, “as if”, “as though”.

6.     In a metaphor a comparison is usually implicit; whereas in a simile it is explicit. So a metaphor is also referred to as a compressed or condensed simile.

7.     “Time glides on”, metaphor is used in this sentence.

8.     All metaphors and similes are based on analogy.

9.     Hypallage is known as transferred epithet.

10.  Uncle Sam is referred to the United States; Solomon is referred to a wise man; Judas is referred to a traitor; Odyssey is referred to long, adventurous journey.

11.  “Soft in the head” is an euphemism of mad; “unmentionables” is an euphemism of women’s underclothes; “weight-watches” is an euphemism of fat people.

 

 

Ⅲ. Judgments（２０＇）

1.     ( T ) Linguistic factors refer to the rules concerning the language itself such

as grammar.

2.     ( F ) Classic rhetoric is the rhetorical source of Eastern rhetoric and has a

great influence over the development of rhetoric in different historical periods.

3.     ( T ) The master of modern rhetoric is Mr. Chen Wangdao.

4.     ( T ) Simile involves two things, one of which being the primary term or

tenor, the other secondary term or vehicle.

5.     ( F ) “My heart is like a singing bird”, metaphor is used in this sentence.

6.     ( F ) “Time passed at a snail’s pace”, simile is used in this sentence.

7.     ( T ) Synaethesia is used in the phrase “noisy color”.

8.     ( F ) “A sleepless bed”, metaphor is used in this sentence.

9.     ( T ) Metonymy is a figure in which the name of an attribute or a thing or is used to stand for another thing. The relation of the two things is not that of similarity but that of contiguity.

10.  ( F ) “Can gray hairs make folly venerable”, metaphor is used in this sentence.

11.  ( T ) “Great minds think alike”, synecdoche is used in this sentence.

12.  ( T ) Euphemism is often used out of courtesy or consideration for other people’s feeling.

13.  ( F ) “The girl is hard of hearing”, metaphor is used in this sentence.

14.  ( T ) “It is a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day”, hyperbole is used in this sentence.

15.  ( T ) Understatement is used to play down or to minimize the importance of something.

16.  ( T ) Repetition in writing can be divided into immediate repetition and intermittent repetition.

17.  ( T ) “Well, the island”, sentence fragment is used in this sentence.

18.  ( F ) “Kill the man and the luggage”, syllepsis is used in this sentence.

19.  ( T ) Context and audience are two factors which affect the usage of rhetoric.

20.  ( T ) The major contribution Kenneth Burke made is criticism on rhetoric.

 

 

Ⅳ. Analysis 　（３０＇）

Read the following passage and fulfill the following two tasks:

The Negro has a callus growing on his soul and it’s getting harder and harder to hurt him there. That’s a simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a show that’s too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you scream in pain. But sooner or later, if you don’t take the shoe off, a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

It’s the same with the Negro in America. That shoe-the white man’s system-has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. But it didn’t. And now a callus has formed on his soul, and unless that system is adjusted to fit him, too, that callus is going to wear out that system.

 

Section A: Analyze the rhetorical devices and their functions in the passage.

The writer arranged a serious of comparisons in a paralleled way of a callus, which is familiar to everyone, to the soul of the Negro. This analogy makes a complicated social idea about race simple, vivid and visible.

 

Section B: Analyze the text features of the passage

Firstly, the word choice in this passage has such features as accuracy and precise. We can easily get the connotations of the passage. Besides, the organization of the passage is coherent and united. Because of that the whole passage seems to be vivid.

 

Ⅴ.Questions　（１０＇）

1.     What is the basic difference between metaphor and metonymy?

Metonymy can be regarded as a kind of ellipsis: its obvious advantage in poetry is its conciseness. Yet as with metaphor, the expanded paraphrase seems to fail in capturing the immediacy of superimposed images, the vivid insight, which is characteristic of figurative expression.

 

 

2.     What is the basic difference between understatement and euphemism?

It is generally agreed that euphemisms have relatively set expressions and are used to avoid taboo or offence out of courtesy, whereas understatements have no set expressions and are used in a wider range.

 

 

 

1. Multiple choice 20% (20 items)

1).   On diplomatic occasions one’s wording should be _____ and elegant; while at parties people prefer humorous and _____ conversations. C

A. humorous; formal   B. interesting; witty   C. formal; witty   D. serious; formal

2). By accuracy we mean the words and sentence patterns chosen to express one’s ideas, feelings and intentions should be both _____ correct and _____ proper. A

   A. grammatically; contextually   B. contextually; grammatically 

C. logically; contextually        D. vocally; grammatically

3).   The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is: ______. B

The moon is like a silver plate.

A. metaphor   B. simile   C. personification   D. metonymy 

4).The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is ______. A

In foreign policy, flying solo can be risky business.

A. metaphor   B. simile   C. understatement   D. zoosemy

5). The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is: ______ . A

He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing.

A. zoosemy   B. repetition   C. climax   D. Pun

6).Both “a sweet voice” and “an icy voice” are the examples of ______. D

A. simile     B. metonymy   C. zoosemy   D. synaesthesia

7). _______, also known as transferred epithet, is a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong. B

    A. synaesthesia   B. hypallage   C. antithesis   D. oxymoron

8).The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is: ______ C

Have you ever read Shakespeare?

A. understatement   B. simile   C. metonymy   D. personification

9).The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is: ______B

She shed floods of tears.

A.     pun  B. hyperbole  C. irony  D. metonymy

10). Repetition in writing can be divided into immediate repetition and ______ repetition. A

A. intermittent   B. successive   C. suspended   D. continuous

11).The rhetoric device used in the following sentence is: ______. A

     Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.”

     A. syllepsis   B. zeugma   C. simile   D. zoosemy

12). “Little strokes fell great oaks.” employs _____. D

     A. alliteration   B. hyperbole   C. understatement D. assonance

13).Which of the following item is paradox? A

     A. More haste, less speed.

     B. Seven days without water make one weak.

     C. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.

     D. O, Wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?

14). “She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.” is called______.  A

     A. tongue twisters  B. consonace  C. pun  D. alliteration

15).Which of the following item is not the part of rhetorical activities? B

     A. word    B. phrase   C. sentence   D. text

16).Which of the following item is not one form of rhetoric in text? D

     A. exposition   B. persuasion  C. description  D. advertisement

17).Which of the following is not the style in English rhetoric?  D

     A. everyday conversational English

     B. news English

     C. scientific English

     D. politician English

18).Who is the author of The Meaning of Meaning?  A

A. I. A. Richards

B. G. E. Moore

C. Bertrand Russell

D. Edmund Husserl

19).Which of the following item is not the work of Kenneth Burke? D

    A. The Philosophy of Literary Form

    B. A Grammar of Motives

    C.A Rhetoric of Motives

    D. The Philosophy of Rhetoric

20).Who proposed the dramatistic pentad----five elements of act, scene, agent, agency and purpose? B

    A. Stephen Toulmin

    B. Kenneth Burke

    C. Marshall McLuhan

    D. Chaim Perelman

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.     Blank filling 20%(20 blanks)

1). It is generally held that the history of Western rhetoric is divided into six phases:

1). classical rhetoric

2). ______________   rhetoric in the Middle Ages

3). rhetoric in Renaissance

4). ______________   new classical rhetoric

5). rhetoric in 19^th century

6). contemporary rhetoric

2). Classical rhetoric was not a unified system and it was mainly concerned with ______ with Aristotle’s Rhetoric its theoretical foundation.  the study of humane tradition

3). Communicative rhetoric is what ______, the master of modern rhetoric, refer to as a negative     rhetoric, aesthetic rhetoric positive rhetoric. Mr. Chen Wangdao

4). Present-day Western rhetoric, as it is, consists of two sub-branches, namely, _____ and ______.  rhetoric and stylistics

5). Most of the figures of speech are based on ______ in image. Resemblance

6). According to the structure, metaphors can be divided into two categories, ______ and _______.    the Visible and the Invisible

7). All metaphors and similes are based on _____. Analogy

8). The relation between the two things in metonymy is not that of similarity but that of ______. Contiguity.

9). ______, which originates from Greek, meaning “taking up together”, is a figure in which a word literally denoting a part---usually an important part---is substituted for the whole; or the whole for a part, or a specific word is used to stand for abstract one or vice versa.  Synecdoche

10). Antithesis is often used in two patterns:

1)      Contrasting one aspect of one thing with the other aspect of the same thing.

2)      Contrasting on thing with something else to see their ______.  difference

11). In structure, parallelism can be classified into four categories: words, _____, clauses and sentences.  phrases

12). Puns can be classified into the following categories: homophones, _______ and homographs.

     homonyms

13). ______, in English, mainly refers to the reversal of the usual order of the subject and the predicate in a sentence, e. g. “Out rushed the man and his wife.” inversion

14). “Super Savings in the Skies” employs the rhetorical device of ________. alliteration

15). Three main points which should be paid attention to in terms of “word” in rhetoric:

______, _______ and _______.   proper, precise and concise

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.     Judgment of whether the statements are true or false20%(T or F)

(    ) 1. As a matter of fact, there is no superiority and inferiority between communicative rhetoric and aesthetic rhetoric. T

(    ) 2. The rhetorical device used in “Great minds think alike.” is synecdoche. T

(    ) 3. The main difference between pun and metonymy lies in that in the former the proper nouns have biblical, mythological, historical or literary origins. F

(    ) 4. Metonymy can be regarded as a kind of ellipsis. T

(    ) 5. Giving someone or something animal characteristics is called abification. F

(    ) 6. Euphemisms are often used out of courtesy or consideration for other people’s feelings. T

(    ) 7. There is some semantic overlapping between understatement and euphemism which, in its broad sense, is also a kind of understatement. T

(    ) 8. Zeugma makes one word refer to two items when it proper refers to two of them. F

(    ) 9. “This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.” employs irony.      T

(    ) 10. In antonomasia, Uncle Sam represents the United States. F

(    ) 11. “How the pretty ladies talk--- tittle tattle, tittle tattle!” employs onomatopoeia. T

(    ) 12. Rhetorical question is expecting an answer. F

(    ) 13. Long sentences should be employed as many as possible in daily conversation. F

(    ) 14. In order to show academic background, people should use technical words in their daily conversation as many as possible. F

(    ) 15. Two features of rhetoric in paragraph is unity and coherence. T

(    ) 16. As a matter of fact, the nature of rhetoric does not change. T

(    ) 17. The target of discourse is one of the views of I. A. Richards. T

(    ) 18. The relation between a symbol and a word is one to one correspondence. F

(    ) 19. In “The Oxford Movement is a spent wave.” the tenor is wave, and the vehicle is tenor. F

(    ) 20. Western rhetoric can be traced back to Aristotle. T

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.     Analysis 20%

Analyze the rhetorical device used in the following sentences

 

2.       Quite right, sir, quite right. One moment---let me show you out, sir. Good day, sir, good day.

The rhetorical device used in the sentence above is repetition. To be more specific, it is intermittent repetition. It is often used to make a speech or writing even more impressive and effective.

   

3.       It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife.

It is a periodic sentence. At first sight, the readers may think the writer will declare in earnest a universal truth, but at the end of the sentence, they find the so-called “a truth universally acknowledged” is only the vulgar awareness of the philistinism. The author shows ingenuity in leading the readers’ expectancy to the peak in a solemn and elegant way, and the vulgar content represented by the last word lowers this expectancy to the bottom. Therefore, the author is successful in producing a satirical and memorable effect, giving one much food for thought.

  

 

 

 

 

 

5.     Questions 20%

1). Why a metaphor which has been so often used and becomes standardized is called a dead metaphor?

Since it has become lifeless and lost its figurative strength and can no longer arouse the audience to think of the original meaning in connection with the new meaning-----that is, it is no longer used for literary effect.

 

2.) What is the difference between a periodic sentence and a loose sentence?

   A periodic sentence in a strict sense is one that saves its main clause to the end. It is used for emphasis. However, in a loose sentence, topic and comment appear first, followed by amplifying detail.