不锈钢人需要知道的不锈钢之发明

------ stainless steel，"Allegheny metal" and "Nirosta steel"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

有人问，为什么不锈钢叫stainless steel不叫rustless steel？其实，最初还真是叫“rustless steel”；而且，有一段时间在不同的地方，称呼也是不一样；也可以称之为，"Allegheny metal" and "Nirosta steel"[2]。

中文语境下的所谓不锈钢，rustless steel，这种材料，在英语里的名词是stainless steel，即，无渍钢。英语语境中，stainless steel赢得了人心，取代了最初这种材料曾经使用的rustless steel。

的确，rust只是指较为单一的“铁锈、锈蚀”，而stain，可以指各种斑点，包括铁锈或者其他化学腐蚀造成的！也就是说，指向更加广泛。所以才发生了，一位制造商欧内斯特·斯图尔特（Ernest Stuart）在测试醋中的材料后，提出了一个更有市场名称的“无渍钢”[4]。

 

 

 

参考资料：

[1]  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Brearley  Harry Brearle

Harry Brearley（18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948）was an English metallurgist, usually credited with the invention of "rustless steel"（later to be called "stainless steel" in the anglophone world）.

 

[2]  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel  stainless steel

    ……

In the beginning, stainless steel was sold in the US under different brand names like "Allegheny metal" and "Nirosta steel". Even within the metallurgy industry the eventual name remained unsettled; in 1921 one trade journal was calling it "unstainable steel".[37] In 1929, before the Great Depression hit, over 25,000 tons of stainless steel were manufactured and sold in the US.[38]

……

 

[3]  http://www.ni-china.org/filedownload/82701  不锈钢的历史-第3部分 第一款商用不锈钢

二十世纪头十年结束时，人们开始对铬和铬镍钢的性质有了更加深入的了解，因此，有几个国家的冶金学家开始对不锈钢进行独立开发。

在德国克虏伯工厂，Eduard Maurer和Benno Strauss对众多合金的高温应用性能进行了试验，并且很快发现铬含量超过20%的不锈钢有着卓越的抗腐蚀能力。然后他们开发了含铬20%、含镍7%的奥氏体合金V2A。该成分十分接近现在的18-8或AISI 304（UNS S30400）不锈钢，304不锈钢迄今为止仍然是产量最高的不锈钢。V2A在众多不同的环境表现出卓越的耐腐蚀性，并且发现其特别适用于硝酸中。如今，硝酸介质最常用的牌号仍然是该合金的低碳牌号304L（S30403）。V2A合金于1912年获得德国专利。早期应用主要体现在工业中。

同时，Maurer和Strauss还为他们称之为V1M的含镍可硬化不锈钢获得了专利，V1M为含有大约14%铬以及2%镍的马氏体合金。添加镍可改善硬化条件下合金的韧性及耐腐蚀性。如今的几种马氏体牌号都添加了镍，包括AISI 414（S41400）、422（S42200）和431（S43100）。还有一些马氏体不锈钢含有镍是为了改善焊接性能如410NiMo（S41500），含镍的马氏体不锈钢还包括用于海上石油和天然气工业的超级马氏体牌号。

在1914年瑞典马尔默波罗的海展览会上，德国展台展示了由这些合金制作的物品。遗憾的是，第一次世界大战于同年夏天爆发，在四年的战争中，钢铁生产不得不转向军事应用。

在英国的谢菲尔德，一个自学成才的冶金学家HarryBrearley开始对铬铁合金进行研究，以改进枪管的耐磨性。虽然实验未能实现其最初的目标，但让Brearley感到惊讶的是，铬含量较高的合金需要侵蚀性更强的蚀刻剂才能显露出其微观结构。他还注意到，这些合金暴露在潮湿环境中不会生锈。1913年，他制造了第一个商用马氏体不锈钢铸件，含12.8%的铬和0.24%的碳。

Brearley细致地采用适当的热处理来获得最佳的属性。他也知道，达到适当的锻造温度可确保材料轻松而令人满意地成型。

Brearley合金发挥巨大潜力的应用之一便是刀具，这主要归功于他的执着，使得第一个刀坯料于1914年被锻造出来。谢菲尔德的各种刀匠开始订购Brearley的不锈合金，但是战争再一次干扰了它的商业化。大多数钢种，包括铬含量稍高的牌号都用到了战争中（主要是飞机发动机阀门）。这种钢甚至没有在英国申请专利，1915年在加拿大被授予第一个专利，第二年在美国也获得专利。

Brearley最初偏爱将这种金属称为“无锈钢”。但是R.F. Mosley刀具工厂的经理Ernest Stuart更喜欢“不锈钢”这个名字。在醋中对刀具合金进行了测试之后，他说：“这种钢不生锈。” 这个名字被迅速传播。Brearley通常被视为不锈钢的发现者，他将不锈钢介绍给公众。

在下一期，我们将看看不锈钢在美国的早期发展。

 

[4]  http://www.valeriecollinswriter.com/stainless-steel/  Stainless Steel

September 5, 2016 by Valerie in Blog

So I had the idea of doing a kitchen-themed exploration of my language obsessions.

What gadgets or utensils or whatever were worthy of note, linguistically speaking?

Stick beater. I like that one.  A beater in the form of a stick.

Teardrop grater. This is a box grater with teardrop-shaped holes. Cool.

And then… bam! Stainless steel.

In Spanish we call it ‘inox’ i.e. acero inoxidable = unrustable steel.

Who had the brilliant idea of calling it ‘stainless’?

Over to Google and the history of stainless steel, which I won’t recount here （although you could definitely jazz it up for a screenplay: accidental discovery, early experiments and setbacks – edge-of-seat will it / won’t it rust? countdown…）

Suffice it to say that the new alloy was originally called rustless steel.

And then one manufacturer, Ernest Stuart, upon testing the material in vinegar, suggested a more marketable name of ‘stainless steel’.

It “sounds better” said another link, which has disappeared since I did this research, and, given that they were trying to market knives, “the concept of ‘stains’ was more familiar to housewives rather than rust, corrosion, tarnish, etc.”

Of course it sounds better.

It alliterates, that’s why.

 

[5]  https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572652543357972&wfr=spider&for=pc  不锈钢人需要知道的不锈钢发展史

描绘生活  百家号17-07-1202:39  （机器翻译？？？+人类）

现如今不锈钢材料与我们的生活息息相关，但是最初的不锈钢发明者到底是谁呢？跟着搜不锈小编一起来看看不锈钢的发展史吧！

不锈钢的发明家是谁？这个是有待争议的一个问题。

但是，回归主题，第一点需要注意的是，“发明家”这个词其实是不够准确的，或者说是带有一点歧义的。应该说他是第一个思考、记录、申请专利或生产的人；第二点需要注意的是，直到1911年才真正定义了不锈钢，所以我们要否定那些不符合10.5%铬最低要求的铬合金?

对于称其为“不锈钢的发明者”的这个说法，不论是来自英国、德国、法国、波兰、美国，还是瑞典的人们，似乎大家都有各自不同的看法与见解。

1821年，英国人斯托达德、和法拉多·约卡·约尔卡和法国人皮埃尔·伯尔德斯共同制定了cogs计划。他们和其他科学家们一起指出，铁铬合金更能抵抗某些酸的攻击，但测试只是在低铬合金上进行，制造高铬合金的尝试失败的主要原因是科学家们不了解低碳含量的重要性。

1872年，另一对英国人伍兹和克拉克，申请了一种含有30 - 35%铬和2%钨的耐酸和耐气候铁合金的专利，这实际上是有史以来第一个专利，就是现在我们称之为“不锈钢”的金属。然而，真正的发展是在1875年，当时一个叫Brustlein的法国人详细阐述了低碳含量对于成功制造不锈钢的重要性。Brustlein指出，为了制造高铬含量的合金，碳含量必须保持在0.15%以下。

因此，20年以来，不锈钢的发展一直停滞不前，而许多科学家们总是试图制造低碳不锈钢，但是却没有成功。

汉斯·戈尔德施密特

直到1895年，德国的汉斯·戈尔德施密特（Hans Goldschmidt）开发出了能够生产无碳铬的铝热还原过程。这个时候，不锈钢的发展史才有所推进。

在1904年，法国科学家利昂·吉列特对许多铁铬合金做了许多的研究。

吉列特的工作包括对目前已知的410、420、442、446和440 - c组成的研究。1906年，吉列特继续分析铁镍铬合金，铁镍铬合金现在被用作300系列的基础。然而，在注意到他合金的化学成分时，吉列特没有发掘出其材料的潜在耐蚀性。

艾伯特.波特万

1909年，英国人Giesen发表了关于铬镍钢的深入研究，而法国人波特万也研究了现在被称为是430不锈钢的金属。但是，直到1911年，德国的蒙纳尔茨和波切尔斯才发现了最低铬含量的重要性。蒙纳尔茨和波切尔斯是一对夫妇，他们发现了铬含量与耐蚀性之间的关系，指出当至少有10.5%的铬存在时，金属的耐蚀性会显著增强。这对夫妇还公布了钼对耐蚀性的影响。

此时此刻，我们就不得不提到1871年出生在英国谢菲尔德的哈里.布雷勒利。1908年的时候，他被任命为Brown Firth实验室的首席研究员。1912年，一个武器制造商给了布雷勒利一个任务，就是怎样才能够防止他们的武器生锈，他们的武器生锈的频率太高了。布雷勒利着手制造一种抗腐蚀的钢，而不是一种耐腐蚀的钢。并开始试验含有铬的钢合金。在这些实验中，布雷尔利做出了几种不同的合金材料组合，包括6%到15%的铬，配上不同的碳含量。

1913年8月13日，布雷勒利发明了一种含有12.8%铬和0.24%碳的钢，它被认为是有史以来第一个不锈钢。但是布雷勒利对不锈钢的重大发现，被人们忽略了，人们把他的发现当作神奇的故事来谈论，导致布雷勒利的不锈钢发现被生生的丢弃在垃圾桶里，无人问津。就像15年之后亚历山大·弗莱明的经历一样。尽管后来人们才发现钢铁真的没有生锈，

其他更有说服力的说法（但不那么吸引人）是，布雷勒利需要用硝酸腐蚀他的钢铁，并在显微镜下观察它们，以分析它们对化学攻击的潜在抵抗性。布雷勒利发现他的新钢铁抵抗了这些化学武器的攻击，于是开始与其他的代理商测试样品，包括柠檬汁和醋。布雷勒利震惊地发现，他的合金确实具有很强的耐蚀性，并立即意识到他的钢铁在餐具行业的潜力。

布雷勒利为了努力赢得雇主的支持，选择在当地的cutler R F Mosley生产他的新钢。他发现，用新钢来制造刀具的难度很大，尽管没有锈蚀或染色，于是他就求助于他的老同学欧内斯特·斯图尔特（Ernest Stuart）。在三周内，斯图尔特改进了刀具的硬化过程。布雷勒利最初决定将他的新发明命名为“无锈钢”，但是斯图尔特在测试了醋溶液中的物质之后，却把它命名为“不锈钢”，于是这个名字就被卡住了。

在1908年和布雷勒利发现于1913年之间的这5年期间，许多其他的科学家和冶金学家都想要对布雷勒利的提案发明提出索赔。

在1908年，德国人加入了战局，德国的克虏伯铁工厂为德国游艇的船体制造了一种铬镍钢。这艘游艇现在已经广为人知，它有着丰富的历史，目前位于佛罗里达东海岸的海床上。钢是否含有至少10.5%的铬含量仍然没有定论。克虏伯的员工，爱德华·马勒和本诺·斯特劳斯，也从1912年到1914年，在发展奥氏体的钢铁中使用了< 1%的碳，< 20%的镍和15 - 40%的铬。

美国不满意欧洲的荣耀，所以也加入了这个行列。首先是埃尔伍德·海恩斯（Elwood Haynes）在对他锈迹斑斑的剃刀感到失望之后，开始制造一种耐腐蚀的钢，据说他在1911年就成功了。另外两名美国人贝克特和丹森曾在1911年至1914年期间从事铁素体不锈钢（含铬和0.07% - 0.15%的碳）的研究。

埃尔伍德·海恩斯

1912年，在维也纳的阿德里亚展览会上，波兰的马克斯·莫尔曼（Max Mauermann）发明了第一个不锈钢，后来他向公众展示了这一不锈钢。

最后，最近发现的一篇文章，于1913年在一家瑞典狩猎和钓鱼杂志上发表，讨论了一种用于枪管的钢材（听起来很熟悉?），看起来就像不锈钢一样。尽管这纯粹是推测，但瑞典人仍然大胆地声称他们实际上是第一个使用不锈钢的人。

到此就结束了不锈钢的混乱发现，虽然有很不为人知的贡献与发明。但是毫无疑问的是，如果没有上述所有科学家们的共同努力和冶金学家们（以及更多的没有提到），我们也不能够拥有这个丰富的、多功能的新型财富。

 

[6]  http://www.jawaysteel.com/news-detail/When-was-stainless-steel-discovered.htm  When was stainless steel discovered?

There is a widely held view that stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Sheffield metallurgist Harry Brearley. He was experimenting with different types of steel for weapons and noticed that a 13% Chromium steel had not corroded after several months. However, the picture is much more complex than this. For a comprehensive view read The Discovery of Stainless Steel.

Who was the inventor of stainless steel?

A confident look passes across your face, maybe the slightest hint of a cheeky grin, victory is in sight my friend! This is the question that makes you a million, wins you that holiday of a lifetime, gives you the title of office genius, or gets you that elusive slice of pie on the Trivial Pursuit board.

You know this one…. don’t you?

‘Harry Brearley! It’s Harry Brearley! Isn’t it?’ Well, the answer may not be so clear cut…

Harry Brearley

Since the dawn of man colonies have raced against each other to uncover new technologies, to be the first to stamp their names on a discovery, and although we’ve evolved over millions of years （most of us, anyway） the urge to be the first remains at the very core of our nature.

This sense of passion and pride can lead some of the more unscrupulous humans to claim others discoveries as their own. Of course many breakthroughs are genuinely made in tandem, or are simultaneously occurring, but unless you can categorically prove that you were the pioneer of these incredible findings then the other party involved will always dispute the fact.

And so we come to stainless steel.

The first point to note is that ‘inventor’ is a very ambiguous term. Is this the first person to think, to document, to patent, or to produce? The second point is that stainless steel wasn’t truly defined until 1911, so are we to cast aside those chromium-iron alloys that don’t quite meet the minimum requirement of 10.5% chromium?

It seems like anyone and everyone has a different claim to being labelled the ‘inventor’ of stainless steel; from Britain, Germany, France, Poland, the U.S.A, and even Sweden.

The cogs were set in motion by Englishmen Stoddard and Farraday circa 1820 and Frenchman Pierre Berthier in 1821. These scientists, among others, noted that iron-chromium alloys were more resistant to attack by certain acids, but tests were only carried out on low chromium content alloys. Attempts to produce higher chromium alloys failed primarily because of scientists not understanding the importance of low carbon content.

In 1872 another pair of Englishmen, Woods and Clark, filed for patent of an acid and weather resistant iron alloy containing 30-35% chromium and 2% tungsten, effectively the first ever patent on what would now be considered a stainless steel. However, the real development came in 1875 when a Frenchman named Brustlein detailed the importance of low carbon content in successfully making stainless steel. Brustlein pointed out that in order to create an alloy with a high percentage of chromium, the carbon content must remain below around 0.15%

Thus ensued two decades of stagnation for the development of stainless steel, and while many scientists attempted to create a low carbon stainless steel, none succeeded.

Hans Goldschmidt

It wasn’t until 1895, when Hans Goldschmidt of Germany developed the aluminothermic reduction process for producing carbon-free chromium, that development of stainless steels became a reality.

In 1904 French Scientist Leon Guillet undertook extensive research on many iron-chromium alloys.

Guillets work included studies on the composition of what would now be known as 410, 420, 442, 446 and 440-C. In 1906 Guillet went on to analyse iron-nickel-chrome alloys, which would now be considered the basics of the 300 series. However, while noting the chemical composition of his alloys, Guillet failed to acknowledge the potential corrosion resistance of his materials.

Albert Portevin

In 1909 Englishman Giesen published an in-depth work regarding chromium-nickel steels, while the French national, Portevin, studied what is now regarded as 430 stainless steel.

However, it wasn’t until 1911 that the importance of a minimum chromium content was discovered by Germans P. Monnartz and W. Borchers. Monnartz and Borchers discovered the correlation between chromium content and corrosion resistance, stating that there was a significant boost in corrosion resistance when at least 10.5% chromium was present. The pair also published detailed works on the effects of molybdenum on corrosion resistance.

It is at this point we introduce Harry Brearley, born in Sheffield, England in 1871, he was appointed lead researcher at Brown Firth Laboratories in 1908. In 1912 Brearley was given a task by a small arms manufacturer who wished to prolong the life of their gun barrels which were eroding away too quickly. Brearley set out to create an erosion resistant steel, not a corrosion resistant one, and began experimenting with steel alloys containing chromium. During these experiments Brearley made several variations of his alloys, ranging from 6% to 15% chromium with differing measures of carbon.

On the 13th August 1913 Brearley created a steel with 12.8% chromium and 0.24% carbon, argued to be the first ever stainless steel. The circumstances in which Brearley discovered stainless steel are covered in myth; some enchanted tales of Brearley recite him tossing his steel into the rubbish, only to notice later that the steel hadn’t rusted to the extent of its counterparts, much like Alexander Flemings experience 15 years later.

Other more plausible （but less attractive） accounts claim it was necessary for Brearley to etch his steels with nitric acid and examine them under a microscope in order to analyse their potential resistance to chemical attack. Brearley found that his new steel resisted these chemical attacks and proceeded to test the sample with other agents, including lemon juice and vinegar. Brearley was astounded to find that his alloys were still highly resistant, and immediately recognised the potential for his steel within the cutlery industry.

The Half Moon

Brearley struggled to win the support of his employers, instead choosing to produce his new steel at local cutler R F Mosley. He found difficulty producing knife blades in the new steel that did not rust or stain and turned to his old school friend, Ernest Stuart, Cutlery Manager at Mosley's Portland Works, for help. Within 3 weeks, Stuart had perfected the hardening process for knives. Brearley had initially decided to name his invention ‘Rustless Steel’, but Stuart, dubbed it ‘Stainless Steel’ after testing the material in a vinegar solution, and the name stuck.

And that’s how Harry Brearley discovered stainless steel…. well, not quite…

During the 5 year period between 1908 and Brearleys discovery in 1913 many other scientists and metallurgists have potential claims to Brearleys title.

In 1908 the Germans entered the fray, the Krupp Iron Works in Germany produced a chrome-nickel steel for the hull of the Germania yacht. The Half Moon, as the yacht is now known, has a rich history and currently lies on the seabed off the east coast of Florida. Whether the steel contains the minimum 10.5% chromium content remains inconclusive. Employees of the Krupp works, Eduard Maurer and Benno Strauss, also worked from 1912-1914 on developing austenitic steels using <1% carbon, <20% nickel and 15-40% chromium.

Not happy with Europe hogging the glory, the USA got in on the act. Firstly, Elwood Haynes, after becoming disenchanted at his rusty razor, set out to create a corrosion resistant steel, which he supposedly succeeded in doing during 1911. Two other Americans, Becket and Dantsizen, worked on ferritic stainless steels, containing 14-16% chromium and 0.07-0.15% carbon, in the years 1911-1914.

Elwood Haynes

During 1912 Max Mauermann of Poland is rumoured to have created the first stainless steel, which he later presented to the public during the Adria exhibition in Vienna, 1913.

Finally, a recently discovered article, which was published in a Swedish hunting and fishing magazine in 1913, discusses a steel used for gun barrels （sound familiar?） which seems to resemble stainless steel. Although this is purely speculation, the Swedes have still made an audacious claim that they were in fact responsible for the first practical application for stainless steel.

That concludes the shambolic discovery of stainless steel! Although there is much mystery and speculation behind the discovery of this wonderful material, there is no question that without the combined effort of all the above scientists and metallurgists （and all the many more that were not mentioned） we would not have such a rich and versatile metal at our fingertips.

Oh, and if we have to give you an answer to that first question? Harry Brearley.

（这是上面文章的原始来源。）