弗洛里斯.奥斯蒙德的影像，至今不可得！

------ Floris Osmond

 

 

 

    前几天检查163上的邮箱，看到一位网友的邮件：

 

老师您好~

看了您博客的不少文章，资料齐全，配图精美，许多资料都让我对材料科学有了重新的认识。我也正在探索金属材料学，从中发现奥斯蒙德在中间起着非常大的作用，最近在写报告，想配一张他的肖像图，但却找不到，老师如果有可否发我一份，在此感激不尽~

愿身体健康，工作顺利！

 

还真是的，没有什么印象了，检索了一下，没有任何收获。感觉Floris Osmond，在法国有些“默默无闻”的意思。

 

郭可信提及过，法国冶金学会在1949 年建立Osmond 奖章，可是，没有这方面的更为有效的资讯。

 

最后，作为本次检索的收官，给法国大使馆的文化教育合作处发了一封求助邮件，看看有没有可喜的消息。

 

后面的参考资料可能有些乱，不过，不想再整理了。

 

 

参考资料：

[1]  http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris_Osmond  Floris Osmond（法语）

Floris Osmond était un ingénieur sidérurgiste sorti de l’École centrale Paris en 1872 et un métallurgiste français. Il entre au laboratoire de l’Usine du Creusot le 31 mai 1880. Il étudia en particulier le phénomène de trempe de l'acier, précisa les constituants des produits sidérurgiques, établit l'existence de points de transformation, et imagina deux procédés d'investigation employés couramment en métallographie : la métallographie microscopique et l'analyse thermique[1],[2],[3]. Il entre au laboratoire de l’Usine du Creusot le 31 mai 1880. C’est l’époque où l’acier prend définitivement le dessus sur le fer puddlé, grâce aux inventions de Bessemer de Martin et de Thomas. Il devient alors possible d’élaborer des aciers alliés. Il établit, avec Jean Werth (centrale 1879), une théorie sur la structure cellulaire de l’acier. Cette théorie sans doute incomplète et aujourd'hui dépassée, a tout de même mis en évidence l’importance de la cristallisation et son évolution par les traitements thermiques[4].Il quitta le Creusot en septembre 1884, pour se consacrer à son activité de recherche à la Sorbonne et à la faculté des Sciences. Il publia des centaines de travaux et fut un de ceux qui ont le plus apporté à nos connaissances sur la métallurgie des aciers[5],[6].

Robert Hadfield, alors président de l’Iron and Steel Institute, lui décerne la médaille d'or de Bessemer, en prononçant l’éloge suivant : « Au grand Français, M. Osmond, un des représentants de cette merveilleuse précision et de cet amour de la recherche qui sont l’honneur de ses compatriotes et que nous autres, Anglais, devrions bien tâcher de leur emprunter plus complètement »[7].

Floris Osmond a également était fait membre honoraire de la Société Métallurgique Russe[8].

 

    机器翻译成英语：

Floris Osmond was a steel engineer out of the Ecole Centrale Paris in 1872 and a French metallurgist. He joined the laboratory of Plant Creusot May 31, 1880. He studied particularly the steel quenching phenomenon specified the components of steel products, establishes the existence of transformation points and devised two methods for investigation commonly used in metallography: microscopic metallography and thermal analysis [1], [2], [3]. He joined the laboratory of the plant in Le Creusot on 31 May 1880. This is the time when steel definitely takes over the wrought iron, with the invention of Bessemer and Thomas Martin. It then becomes possible to develop alloy steels. It establishes, with Jean Werth （Central 1879）, a theory about the cell structure of the steel. This theory probably incomplete and outdated today, nonetheless highlighted the importance of crystallization and its evolution by thermal treatment [4] .It left the Creusot in September 1884 to pursue his activity Research at the Sorbonne and Sciences faculty. He published hundreds of works and was one of those who most contributed to our knowledge of metallurgy steels [5], [6].

Robert Hadfield, then President of the Iron and Steel Institute, he was awarded the gold medal of Bessemer, pronouncing the following praise: "To the French, Mr. Osmond, one of the representatives of this wonderful precision and love Research that is the honor of his countrymen and that we, the English, although should try to take them more fully "[7].

Floris Osmond was also made an honorary member of the Society Metallurgical Russian [8].

 

[2]  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris_Osmond  Floris Osmond（英语）

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Floris Osmond （10 March 1849 – 18 June 1912） was a French scientist and engineer. He is known as one of the originators of metallography.[1] He named several phases that occur in iron and steel microstructures such as martensite, after A. Martens.[2] A list of publications was published shortly after his death.[3]

 

References

"Floris Osmond". Nature 89: 454–455. 4 July 1912. doi:10.1038/089454b0.

Osmond, Floris （1904）. J. E. Stead F.R.S. F.I.C., ed. The Microscopic Analysis of Metals. London: Charles Griffin & Company, Limited. p. 94.

Liste des travaux de F. Osmond. Revue de métallurgie, 1912, pp. 743–46.

 

External links

"Osmond, Floris". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia.com.

"Floris Osmond （1849–1912） – Gloubik Sciences". gloubik.info.

 

[3]  http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903248.html  Osmond, Floris

Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography | 2008 |

OSMOND, FLORIS

（b. Paris, France, 10 March 1849; d. St. Leu, seine-et-Oise, France, 18 June 1912）, metallography.

Osmond studied metallurgy under Samson Jordan at the École Centralc des Arts et Manufactures. After a short period with the Fives-Lille machine shop he joined Denain et Anzin, where he worked with Bessemer and open-hearth installations. From 1880 to 1884 Osmond was chief of the chemical laboratory of Schneider, Creusot, where he began his microscopic study of iron and steel in collaboration with a colleague in the physical testing laboratories. After 1884 Osmond, who was of a retiring disposition, left active business and returned to Paris, where he continued his research, corresponding with professional friends and publishing some eighty papers before his death.

Osmond’s earliest interests concerned the effects of tempering and hardening cast steel and, particularly, the phenomena that occur during the heating and cooling of steel. The Le Chatelier pyrometer became available in 1886; and with the help of it Osmond took up the studies suggested by Tschernoff in 1868, by W. F. Barrett in 1873, and by Le Chatelier and others. Osmond proceeded to determine the so-called critical points at which the abnormal retardation or acceleration in the temperature drop occurs during the cooling of an iron sample—effects which indicate a liberation or an absorption of heat. From these investigations he concluded that allotropic β iron is the principal cause of the new properties communicated to steel by hardening. Osmond’s experiments with tungsten steel showed that variations in the hardness of steel could be obtained by altering the initial temperature of heating and the rate of cooling; he did not publish this finding, which, in a sense, anticipated the Taylor-White process （1898）.

By 1890 Osmond recognized three modifications of iron: α, β and γ. His research led to the allotropic theory, the subject of much argument in the 1890’s. It was opposed by the “carbonists.” including John Oliver Arnold, who maintained that all the phenomena observed in the hardening of steel are explained by changes in the condition of the carbon and are in no way due to allotropic modifications of the iron. The Iron and Steel Institute （London） recognized the merits of both arguments by awarding the Bessemer Medal to Arnold in 1905 and to Osmond in 1906.

Osmond made substantial contributions to microscopical investigations of the structure of iron and steel. Although his interest may have been derived from the work of Hermann Vogelsang of Delft, he started with H. C. Sorby’s methods, which he developed, especially in the preparation of samples. In the final polishing Osmond developed a method of “polish attack.” in which the sample was rubbed on a sheet of parchment covered with calcium sulfate moistened with an infusion of licorice by which some of the constituents of the steel were colored.

Osmond’s observations led him to identify and name sorbite, austenite, and troostite, commemorating Sorby, Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, and Troost, an early associate of Osmond’s who presented the latter’s early papers to the Académie des Sciences in 1886–1887. Osmond rechristened H. M. Howe’s hardenite “martensite” in honor of Adolf Martens, another pioneer in metallography. His own name was commemorated in osmondite, a term now obsolete in the nomenclature.

Osmond was awarded prizes by the Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale（法国民族工业促进会） in 1888 and 1895, and the Lavoisier Medal in 1897（拉瓦锡奖）.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works. Among Osmond’s more than 80 papers are: “Théorie cellulaire des propriétés de l’acier,” in Annates des mines （Mémoires）, 8th ser., 8 （1885）, 5–84, written with Jean Werth; “Sur les phénomènes qui se produisent pendant le chauffage et le refroidissement de l’acier fondu,” in Comptes rendus… de l’Académie des sciences, 103 （1886）, 743–746, 1135–1137; “Rôle chimique du manganèse,” ibid., 104 （1887）, 985–987; “Sur les residues que l’on extrait des aciers,” ibid, 1800–1812, written with J. Werth; “Die Metallographie als Unter-suchungsmethode,” in Stahl und Eisen, 17 （1897）, 904–913; “Metallography as a Testing Lethod,” in Metallographist, 1 （1898）, 5–27; “What is the Inferior Limit of the Critical Point A2?” ibid, , 2 （1899）, 169–186; “On the Crystallography of Iron,” ibid., 3 （1900）, 181–219; 275–290; The Microscopic Analysis of Metal, J. E. Stead, ed. （London, 1904）; “Les expériences du Prof. Heyn sur la trempe et le revenu des aciers,” in Revue de métallurgie （Mémoires）, 3 （1906）, 621–632; and “Crystallization of Iron,” in Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 71, no. 3 （1906）, 444–492, written with G. Cartaud.

II. Secondary Literature. See John O. Arnold and A. McWilliams, “The Diffusion of Elements in Iron,” in Engineering, 68 （1899）, 249; Henry M. Howe, The Metallurgy of Steel （New York, 1890）, 163 ff.; and “The Heat Treatment of Steel: Note on Osmond’s Theory,” in Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 23 （1893）, 520; and the unsigned obituary in Engineering, 94 （1912）, 56–58.

P. W. Bishop

 

Osmondite（欧氏体）, a term now obsolete in the nomenclature.

the Bessemer gold Medal ，1906

Osmond was awarded prizes by the Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale（法国民族工业促进会） in 1888 and 1895, and the Lavoisier Medal in 1897（拉瓦锡奖）.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer

Sir Henry Bessemer （19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898）was an English inventor whose steelmaking process established the town of Sheffield as a major manufacturing centre.

Bessemer had been trying to reduce the cost of steel for military ordnance, when he developed his system for blowing oxygen through pig-iron to remove the impurities. This made steel easier and quicker to manufacture, and revolutionised structural engineering. Bessemer also made over 100 other inventions in the fields of iron, steel and glass. Unlike most inventors, he managed to bring his own projects to fruition and profited financially from their success.

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_medal

The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a major UK engineering institution whose activities encompass the whole materials cycle, from exploration and extraction, through characterisation, processing, forming, finishing and application, to product recycling and land reuse. It exists to promote and develop all aspects of materials science and engineering, geology, mining and associated technologies, mineral and petroleum engineering and extraction metallurgy, as a leading authority in the worldwide materials and mining community.

It is a registered charity governed by Royal Charter and in 2009-10 had a gross income of £6.4million.[1] The Institute is also a member of the UK Science Council.

History[edit]

IOM3 was formed from the merger of the Institute of Materials (IoM) and the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM) in June 2002.

The Institute's roots go back to the Iron and Steel Institute. In 1869, ironmaster William Menelaus convened and chaired a meeting at the Midland Railway's Queen's Hotel in Birmingham, West Midlands, which led to the founding of the Iron and Steel Institute, which received its Royal Charters in 1899 and 1975. Menelaus was its president from 1875 to 1877, and in 1881 was awarded the Bessemer medal.

The Institute of Materials itself was a merger of The Institute of Metals, The Institute of Ceramics and The Plastics and Rubber Institute (known as the PRI) in 1993. The latter was itself a merger of The Plastics Institute and the Institution of the Rubber Industry (known as the IRI) during the 1980s, a reflection of the declining UK rubber manufacturing industry during this period.

More recent mergers include the Institute of Packaging (2005), the Institute of Clay Technology (2006) the Institute of Wood Science (2009) and the Institute of Vitreous Enamellers (2010).

The Bessemer Gold Medal is an annual prize awarded by the Institute for "outstanding services to the steel industry". It was established and endowed by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1874. It was first awarded to Isaac Lowthian Bell in 1874. The 2011 award was to Ian Christmas.[3]

In addition to the Bessemer, the Institute has many other significant awards for Personal Achievement and Published Works covering materials, minerals and mining. In particular there are awards covering surface engineering, biomedical materials, ceramics, rubber and plastics, iron and steel and automotive areas. There are also awards covering education and local societies. Details can be accessed here.[4]

 

 

[4]  http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v89/n2227/pdf/089454b0.pdf  "Floris Osmond". Nature 89: 454–455. 4 July 1912（可以下载）

 

 

[5]  Osmond 的两本专著是：

①  Microscopical metallography-1893，http://books.google.com.hk/books/about/Microscopic_Metallography.html?id=iQ4sHAAACAAJ ；23页。

②  The Microscopic Analysis of Metals-1904，网络上可以打印。他的珠光体照片就在这篇文章中。

 

[6]  http://baike.baidu.com/view/11589523.htm   奥斯蒙

奥斯蒙，法国金相学家。曾在制造技术中心学校学习冶金。1880～1884年担任克雷索施奈德化学实验所（the chemical laboratory of Schneider, Creusot）主任。

1880～1884年担任克雷索施奈德化学实验所主任。奥斯蒙早期致力于铸钢淬火和回火，特别是钢在加热和冷却中组织变化的研究。他测出铁中相变的临界点，并以此区别α铁、β铁〔1922年韦斯特格伦（A.Westgren）用X射线证明β铁不是新相〕和γ铁。他用显微镜研究钢铁的组织，还发展了抛光腐蚀技术，对钢铁的显微组织研究作出了很大贡献。奥斯蒙鉴别并命名索氏体、奥氏体和屈氏体以纪念金相学家索比、罗伯茨－奥斯汀和屈斯特，并重新命名钢淬火时产生的组织为马氏体（原称硬化体），以纪念金相学家马滕斯（见金属学）。

 

[7]  http://blog.sciencenet.cn/forum.php?mod=redirect&tid=5901&goto=lastpost  拉瓦锡奖（Lavoisier Medal）简介

 

 

[8]  http://baike.baidu.com/view/613322.htm  施耐德电气有限公司

施耐德电气有限公司（Schneider Electric SA）是世界500强企业之一， 1836年由施耐德兄弟建立。如今，它的总部位于法国吕埃，施耐德电气公司是全球能效管理领域的领导者，为100多个国家的能源及基础设施、工业、数据中心及网络、楼宇和住宅市场提供整体解决方案， 其中在能源与基础设施、工业过程控制、楼宇自动化和数据中心与网络等市场处于世界领先地位，在住宅应用领域也拥有强大的市场能力。2012财年，施耐德在全球的总营收达到240亿欧元，在100多个国家拥有超过140，000名员工

 

19世纪

1836年：施耐德兄弟接管当时正处于困境的Creusot铸造厂（71），两年后他们成立了Schneider & Cie。

1891年：已成为专业武器制造商的施耐德开始进军当时新兴的电力市场，对自身进行了改革创新