六、 复合宾语结构

复合宾语是相对于单一宾语而言，语法上把“宾语+宾语补语”的结构叫做复合宾语结构。这个结构是由相当于主语和谓语的两个部分构成的。第一部分称为“准主语”，一般由通格名词或宾格代词担任；第二部分称之为“准谓语”，一般由非限定动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词词组或分句担任。例如：

He made me angry. ( me angry就是一个复合宾语结构)

（一）复合宾语结构的类型

根据复合宾语结构中第二部分构成成分的不同，复合宾语结构可进一步分为以下八个类型：

1.      名词(或宾格代词)+ 动词不定式

 I saw Tom play there.

2.      名词(或宾格代词)+ -ing分词

 I heard her singing in the next room.

3.      名词(或宾格代词)+ -ed 分词

 I’ll have my car repaired.

4. 名词(或宾格代词)+ 形容词

 Please keep the picture clean.

5. 名词(或宾格代词)+  副词

 She often watched the children away.

1.      名词(或宾格代词)+ 名词

 Mother will make Tom an artist.

2.      名词(或宾格代词)+ 介词词组

 We found everything in good order.

3.      名词(或宾格代词)+ 分句

 It was the Party that made me what I am today.

若从第一部分的构成看,除了由名词(或宾格代词)充当外,还有以下的情况:

4.      名词分句+名词(或形容词)

 We consider what he did a great honour.

They found it strange that no one would take the money.

5.      名词分句+ 动词不定式

 We found what we had learned to be valueless.

 I understood what he said to mean no.

6.      动词不定式+名词(或形容词)

 He felt it his duty to save state property.

 You will find it necessary to get a map.

7.      –ing分词+ 名词(或形容词)

 Do you think it any good sending more people over?

 She thinks it no use my going there today.

(二) 复合宾语结构分析

(1) 英语中有些动词后面作宾语补语的动词不定式不带“to”：

 Did you notice anyone come in？

The policeman observed the man open the window.

He used to watch the children play football.

Look at that boy jump!

I would have him wait for me.

这类动词有表示感觉的动词see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at, listen to…, 使役动词let, make, have…, help之后可带可不带。

（2）动词不定式作复合宾语结构中的第二部分，有时用进行体，有时用完成体。前者表示其逻辑主语的行为正在进行；后者表示其逻辑主语的行为业已完成。

I knew him to be waiting outside.

The doctor found his heart to have stopped.

(3) 当作第二部分的不定式或-ing分词的逻辑主语是这不定式或分词所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.

   He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

   We all know the old man to be ill-treated.

   Didn’t you see new houses being built?

(4) 动词不定式或-ing分词在复合宾语中作逻辑谓语,有时用否定形式.

   Tom told me not to go there alone.

   The teacher asked his students not to go out after class.

   I found the boy not reading the book.

(5) 表示感觉的动词以及一些及物动词(find, keep, have等)后面, 既可用-ing分词又可用不定式作逻辑谓语, 但是在意义上有所区别。-ing分词表示的动作处于进行的状态（或未完成）；不定式强调动作的全过程（或完成）。

   We heard Tom playing the piano.

   We heard Tom play the piano. (听到过)

(6) –ed分词与-ing分词作宾补，在意义上是不同的。-ed分词具有被动意义和完成意义；-ing分词则表示主动关系和动作的进行状态。当然，-ing分词也有被动式，不过强调的仍是动作的进行过程。

 Can you get the machine going again?

 You must get the machine repaired.

   I found the machine being repaired.

 (7) 在动词appoint, name, keep, leave, choose, find, consider, elect等后面,可带名词作宾补。

   They named their son Henry.

   You must keep it a secret.

   That year my mother died, leaving me an orphan.

   I consider it a lie.

 (8) 复合宾语的倒装结构。宾语是that引导的名词性分句、动词不定式、-ing分词时，往往使用先行词it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于宾补之后。但是由what引导的名词性分句一般不倒装。

  I remember I made it quite clear to you that I was not coming.

  We think it a pity that he didn’t attend the meeting.

  You will find it necessary to get a dictionary.

  All these noises made it impossible for us to go on with the work.

  She thinks it no use my going there today.

  We found what we had learned to be valueless.

  We consider what he did a great honor.

(三) 复合宾语的判断

一个词组出现在及物动词之后是不是复合宾语，不能但从结构上去看，应从词汇意义、词和词的搭配关系以及句子的意义等方面去分析。试比较：

  Mother will make Tom an artist. (复合宾语结构, make意为“使成为”)

  Mother will make Tom a cake. (双宾语结构, make意为“做”)

  My friend found me a seat.

  My friend found him a suitable man for the position.

The teacher asked Tom several questions.

The teacher asked Tom to go there at once.

We found the man suitable for the part. (复合宾语结构)

We know the man suitable for the part. (后置修饰语,具体看是什么动词)

I found the glass broken.

I don’t want the glass broken.