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黑科技同学作业之三1998 Passage 2 解析

(2010-12-19 18:07:58)
标签:

教育

分类: 考研英语

1998 Passage 2

  Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain ? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

  The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

  Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

  Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.

  Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —  "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".

55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.
  
[A] not as good as it seems
  
[B] at its turning point
  
[C] much better than it seems
  [D] near to complete recovery

56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.
  
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
  
[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation
  
[C] meet the expectation of business people
  [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy

57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________.
  
[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"
  
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
  
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
  [D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses

58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
  
[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
  
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
  
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
  [D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.

重点词汇

assumev.假定;承担;呈现)。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐;悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任,就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。

lump(团块;使成团块)。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖,只有极少数的人能咽得下去。

acceleration(加速;加速度)即ac+celer+ationac-加强前缀,celer词根“速度”,-ation名词后缀;反义词为deceleration(减速)←de向下+celer+ation

reboundv.n.反弹)←re+bound跳。

evidence(证据,迹象)即e+vid+encee-(=ex-)vid词根“看”=vis(如visiblevis+ible→可见的),-ence名词后缀,“能看出来的东西”→证据。Growth is the only evidence of life.成长是生命的唯一证明。

treasury(宝库,国库)即treasur(e)+ytreasuren.财宝v.珍爱),-y表“地方”,于是“放财宝的地方”→宝库。Collection of famous quotes and collection of mottoes are the most important treasure of the society.名言集和格言集是社会最可贵的财富。Let us learn to treasure only good and reject the evil in everything.让我们学会只珍视善,而排斥一切事物中的恶。

disjunctionn.分离,分裂)即dis+junctiondis-否定前缀,junctionn.连接,连接处)。

anecdote(趣闻,轶事)谐音:安妮(Annie)可逗她←用“趣闻”来逗女孩子开心。anecdote a joke in evening dress 趣闻——穿着晚礼服的笑料。

profitability(收益率)即profit+abilityprofitv.n.收益),-ability名词后缀;参profitable1999Passage 5profitability the sovereign criterion of the enterprise 有利可图——企业的至高无上的准则。

ineptly(不相宜地;无能地)即in+ept+lyin-否定前缀,ept(=apt)适宜的,-ly副词后缀。

revenue(财政收入;税收)←re+venue,另可记avenue(林荫道;途径)←a+venueEconomy is of itself a great revenue.节约本身就是一大笔收入。

blunt 率直的;钝的;使钝。

consultant(顾问)即consult+antconsultv.商量;查询),-ant表“人”;参consultancy2002Text 3consultant someone who will take your watch off your wrist and tell you what time it is 顾问——把你的手表从你手腕上摘下来,然后告诉你时间的人。

试题解析

55. [A] 意为:并不像表面看上去那样好。
  第一段第三、四句指出,美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival),但是,商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实(for real),这一点却很难确定。该句实际上是全文的主旨,从反面提出了下文旨在回答的问题,所谓生产率革命根本不存在,官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观;该段第四句指出,问题是;最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹(rebound)造成的,因此,不能将它看作是更深层的(当指生产率)振兴的证据。
  最后一段引用了几个专家的评价,对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施进行了否定,特别是罗森伯格的评价,在他看来,目前负责调整经济的顾问们所做的工作,多数都是垃圾(没有成效),是典型的“于事无补”(ambulance-chasing)
  B意为:处于转折阶段。
  C意为:比现状要好得多。
  D意为;几乎要实现全面复苏了。

56. [B] 意为:与商人的预想不符。或:不像商人预想的那样好。
  第二段指出,官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观,如果将制造业和服务业算在一起(lump... together)1989年以来生产率平均增长了1.2%,比前十年的平均指数略有增长;1991年后,生产率每年增长约2%,是1978年至1987年这十年平均指数的一倍多。然而问题是:最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹造成的,因此,不能将它看作是更深层的(当指生产率)振兴的证据。正如财政部长鲁宾所说的那样,一方面,大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap),另一方面,(官方的)统计数字又是另一番景象,二者之间存在着一个“差距”(disjunction)
  A意为:排除了商业领域里出现的正常的反弹。
  C意为:与商人预想的一致。
  D意为:没有准确地反映经济的状况。

57. [B] 意为:他认为所谓的生产率革命并未奏效。
  第一段指出,人们常说:不劳则无所获,但是,要是劳而无获呢?美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴,但是,商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实,这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚。
  另外,从第三段来看,所谓的生产率革命包括了改组企业(business restructuring, reengineering)等一系列措施,正如第四段所指出的,近年所进行的一些重组措施也许并未奏效,而且,即使有所成效,效果也没有人们想像的那样广泛。在最后一段,作者引用了几个专家的评价,这几位专家对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施更是持否定态度。作者的引用当然带有很大的倾向性,用以支持自己的观点。
  另请参考第5556题题解。
  A意为:他对“不劳则无所获”的真实性提出质疑。该选择项过于局限于字面意思。
  C意为:他认为官方的统计数宁可能有错。正好相反,他们认为所谓的商业振兴仅仅是假象。
  D意为:他获得了商业振兴的确凿证据。

58. [A] 意为:激进的改革对生产率的提高极其重要。
  这是本文所未提到的,作者只指出促进生产率革命的措施并未奏效,未达到人们想象的效果,而并末提到应该如何才对。
  B意为:用新方法改变工作场所可以提高生产率。第三段第二句指出,重新改变工作场所仅是加快一个国家的国民经济综合生产率水平(overall productivity of an economy)的一种措施,促进生产率发展的因素还有许多,如:设备和机器投资、新技术、教育和培训投资等都会带来生产率的提高。
  C意为:降低成本并不能保证带来长期利润。根据第五段第三句,在比尔看来,许多公司机械地(in a mechanistic fashion)应用改革措施,降低了成本,但对长期盈利却考虑不够。可见,降低成本和长期盈利并非总是成正比。
  D意为:顾问们是一伙饭桶。文章最后一段指出,在罗森伯格看来,目前负责经济调整的顾问们所做的工作,多数都是垃圾(没有成效),是典型的“于事无补”。

全文翻译

  人们说,不劳就无获。但是,如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢?在美国,无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事,这一点更加难以确定。
  官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明,如果把制造业和服务业合起来算,1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来,生产力每年约增长2%。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于,近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的,因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所说的,生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。
  这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献,而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动,如设备、机械上的联合投资,新技术,以及教育和培训上的投资。另外,公司的大部分改革是为了赢利,而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力:转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。
  其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说,即使有所成效,效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。
  哈佛学者,快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多·施莱辛格说,许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下,企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克·比尔说,太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组,在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔·罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。


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