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    2013.11.15，“第十届中国科学家论坛”在北京.人民大会堂隆重召开，参会代表人数千余人，这是一次中国科技创新成果展示和交流的盛会。从2002年开始，中国科学家论坛已经举办了九届，这次是第十届。

指导单位：国家科技部  中国科学院  中国工程院  中国科协

国家自然科学基金委员会  原国防科工委

主办单位：中国未来研究会   中国高科技产业化研究会  科技导报社   发现杂志社

承办单位：发现杂志社

特邀顾问：韩启德  全国政协副主席、中国科协主席

 宋  健  全国政协原副主席

论坛主席：周光召  全国人大原副委员长、中国科协名誉主席

副主席： 路甬祥  全国人大原副委员长、中国科学院原院长、中国工程院院士

      徐匡迪  全国政协原副主席、中国工程院原院长，中国工程院院士

      徐冠华  国家科技部原部长、中国科学院院士

      等

论坛组织委员会:

主    任：张文范  中国科协委员、中国未来研究会理事长、民政部原副部长

副主任： 侯立安  中国工程院院士、中国未来研究会副理事长

          等

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彭宏钟¹   肖和平²

 

 摘要：本文对煤炭的成因理论进行了几点质疑，提出了崭新的“煤炭是由星球体的物质系统转换而来的一种碳氢化合物（石油）的蜕变而来。”的理论。同时提出了“气体、水和石油以及所有矿藏（元素物质化合物）都是来自地球内部”，该理论是今后找矿方向。

 

一. 引言

煤炭成因的传统理论是有机成因论，即原始森林被地壳运动置入地下经过漫长的演化而来。另一种解释为：在常温、常压下，由堆积的植物遗体经泥炭化作用或腐泥化作用，转变成泥炭或腐泥；泥炭或腐泥被埋藏后，由于成岩作用而转变成褐煤；当温度和压力逐渐增高，再经变质作用转变成烟煤和无烟煤。高等植物遗体在沼泽中堆积经生物化学变化转变成泥炭，低等生物遗体在沼泽中经生物化学变化转变成腐泥，腐泥是一种富含水和沥青质的淤泥状物质。冰川过程可能有助于成煤植物遗体的汇集和保存。煤炭是植物的枝叶和根茎在地面堆积而成的一层极厚的黑色的腐植质，因地壳变动而不断地埋入地下，长期与空气隔绝，并在高温高压下，经过一系列复杂的物理化学变化等因素，形成的黑色可燃沉积岩－－煤炭。一座煤矿的煤层厚薄与该地区的地壳下降速度及植物遗骸堆积的多少有关。由于地壳的构造运动使原来水平的煤层发生褶皱和断裂。煤炭是这样形成的吗？这些论述是否应当进一步加以研究和探讨。

一座大的煤矿，煤层很厚，煤质很优，但总的来说它的面积并不算很大。自然堆积而成的植物枝叶和根茎，它的面积应当是很大的；因为在远古时期地球上到处都是森林和草原。因此，地下也应当到处有储存煤炭的痕迹；煤层不一定很厚，因为植物的枝叶和根茎腐烂变成腐植质又会被植物吸收，如此反复，最终被埋入地下时不会那么集中，土层与煤层的界限也不会划分得那么清楚。有人认为：远古时代的森林经地震和地壳运动等地球活动，使之埋入地下经亿万年的地下高温高压，最后才形成今天的煤。总之，离不开植被的腐烂。

为此，作者产生诸多质疑：

1、煤炭储量的质疑：煤田的煤层厚度最大可达百米以上，一个矿区煤储量达数百万亿立方米，储量之丰富令人叹为观止^[1]。那么，就有一个疑问：在何时的地质年代上存在有如此丰富的原始森林？即使全球所有的植被物全部汇聚在一起，也没有当今一个煤矿的煤炭储量。泥炭或腐泥有这么多吗？！。

2、若煤炭由森林演化而来，为什么在煤层中没有见到大量植物状态的煤炭，而是大量结晶块状的煤（烟煤）或粉状的煤（无烟煤）呢？

3、煤炭的矿脉呈单线或多层沿岩缝发育，其特征是典型的缝隙成矿脉象。如果是有机成因论，则多层煤层（煤脉）需要多次叠加的地壳运动才能形成，可是相邻煤层的煤碳却属于同一地质年代，即碳的同位素相同；因此，两者相互矛盾。

二. 煤炭究竟是怎么形成的呢？

煤炭是由物质系统转换而来的一种碳氢化合物（石油）蜕变而来的。

根据《星球生命运动学》的“物质系统转换规律”理论，煤炭是由星球体的物质系统转换而来的一种碳氢化合物（石油）蜕变而来的。

星球体的物质系统转换中，有一种物质转换系统是“高核元素物质”（119——256元素，即地幔质物质）核裂变为“低核元素物质”（118——1元素）；这些“低核元素物质”相互结合构成了地壳中各类矿藏物。其中的一种矿藏物质就是碳氢化合物——石油；即“低核元素物质”中的6号元素（碳元素）和1号元素（氢元素）相互结合为一种叫石油的生成物，石油在长期蜕化过程后就变成煤炭。

石油成分就是碳氢化合物（烃类物），石油蜕化就是烃类衍生物的离析和挥发；煤层瓦斯就是石油中的烃类衍生物离析出来的，天然气和瓦斯也是这样形成的；最后残留下来的就是煤炭了(图1）。

实际上我们已经作了石油蜕化为煤炭的实验，只是没有人意会到它。石油蜕化为煤炭的实验就是石油的炼化过程，炼油厂就是实验室。石油炼化就是人工促使石油中的烃类衍生物离析和溢出，获得各类烃类衍生物产品（煤油、汽油、柴油、润滑油），残留下来的就是沥青。这个沥青就是煤

 

煤炭

炭成形的初始态，沥青中的烃类衍生物（高芳香烃类物）进一步离析和溢出，就是我们所见到的煤炭了。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

图1  煤炭形成过程图

Ｆig. 1  Ｍap　the　coal　formingprocess

沥青演变为煤炭应该是很常见的事。比如，沥青的老化过程，沥青老化可以由结晶的块状转变为粉末松散状的碳质物。此外，沥青可以炼焦，建筑工地利用沥青进行防水处理时，要熬制沥青，一旦火候（即温度）没有控制好，沥青就变成轻质的焦炭了。

关于煤炭中有古生物化石的现象：煤炭中有少许古生物化石，就以此立论煤炭来自古生物的演化，这太简约了。一般煤炭中的古生物化石含量是极少的，而且是在煤层的边缘处紧靠围岩，而大多数煤炭层都不见古生物化石。

化石的形成与火山运动和地壳运动有关，石油的形成也与地核和地幔质（高核元素物质）的裂变有关。地核和地幔质（高核元素物质）的裂变发生突变，导致产生两种自然现象，即地震和火山爆发。火山爆发引起地壳变化会有古生物被覆盖，而被覆盖处存在空隙，从而使地核和地幔质（高核元素物质）裂变而成的低核元素物质化合物（碳氢化合物）汇聚在一起。

沙漠化活动与石油的蜕变也有直接关系，石油蜕变是岩石分解的直接原因。在《星球生命运动学》——《沙漠的成因》已有论述。

三. 油、气、煤是具有相关性

油、气、煤一般是联系在一起的，油田区一定有天然气，油田的边缘一般有富有煤田。煤中有油的痕迹也是屡见不鲜的；例如：焦油煤、煤焦油、瓦斯等等；这都是不争的事实。而且，有沙漠的地方一定有富集的石油，沙漠的边缘地带一定有富集的煤田。大家可以去查一查全球的沙漠区。

作者提出煤炭是由石油演化而来的推论，曾有地质工作者对此提出质疑。他们指出，煤炭的生成地质年代在石炭系和二迭系，而石油的生成地质年代在侏罗系和白垩系；因此，石油形成在后，煤炭形成在前，怎么能是煤炭由石油演化而来的呢？所以，无机成因论者认为石油是由煤炭演化而来，现在的碳变油项目就是这个理论支撑的，然而可逆反应是存在的。

煤炭、石油生成的地质年代是以碳的同位素来测定的，煤炭的碳同位素低于石油的碳同位素；所以推论煤炭生成的地质年代久远于石油生成的年代。其实碳的同位素测定判断法与煤炭由石油演化而来并没有冲突，因为煤炭不是形成于石炭系和二迭系，而是由侏罗系和白垩系形成的石油演化而来；所以，煤炭的碳同位素自然衰变后比侏罗系和白垩系形成的现代石油的碳同位素低，这是自然的。这样就解答了地质工作者的质疑，碳的同位素测定判断法与煤炭由石油演化而来并没有冲突，并不存在矛盾。

煤炭是由石油蜕化演变而来的，这就是煤炭的真正形成的成因；也是《星球生命运动学》对煤炭形成的全新解读。

四、讨论

   综上所述，煤炭并非是传统的原始森林被地壳运动置入地下经过漫长的演化而来，而是由石油蜕化而形成的。

   另外，在我国连云港市的东海县境内的“大陆科学钻探”所取得钻探成果中，发现异常的地下特殊流（气）体。从476米开始，发现了甲烷、乙烷、丙烷等烃类气体和二氧化碳、一氧化碳气体。过去一般认为，越往深部，流（气）体越少，实际上研究人员发现深部异常气体越来越频繁地出现。在不同的深处发现了甲烷和氦气体的显著异常及含铀和钍的高伽马异常^[2]。令人吃惊的是：在地下 11500米，压强高达  [帕]的深处，竟发现了淡水、矿化水、结晶水等，还发现了多种气体，有的钻孔深部竟发现了石油。也就是说，按照现在的地壳结构理论，不应该有水份的地方出现了水，说明现在的地壳结构理论中的地壳、地幔、地核等结构应该有所改变，应该由新的理论代替它。上述“大陆科学钻探”的发现也是作者所提出气体、水和石油以及所有矿藏（元素物质化合物）都是来自地球内部的又一最有力的证据。

  

      

参考文献：

[1]新华社 ,《新疆发现煤层厚度超百米特大型煤田》，2011,新华社报导

[2]马晓岚,《陆深钻已超三千六百米》,2008,科学时报社.   

 

 

The FormationMechanism of Coal Exploration

Peng  HongZhong ¹  Xiao  Heping²     

 

1、(Changsha) macro-micro Science Museum Park(preparatory)

2、Earthquake administration of Hunan Province, Changsha 41004,     China.                   

 

   Abstract: The theory of the origin of coalis questioned in this paper. We have proposed a new theory: Coal is a substanceconverted from a hydrocarbon (oil) from the planet system.  It is also proposed that gas, water and oil, andall deposits (element material compounds) are produced from the Earth'sinterior. This theory should be a direction to find mine in the future.

 

Keywords: Coal  Formation Oil Gas

 Exploration of the Mechanismof Formation of Coal Mines

Peng Hongzhong     Xiao Heping  

1. (Changsha) Macro-Micro Sci-Tech Museum (pending)

2. Bureau of Seismic Survey, Hunan Province, ChangshaCity 419994

 

Abstract: This paperquestions traditional theory of the formation of coal mines and proposes a newtheory suggesting that “coal mines come from a kind of hydrocarbon (petroleum)which originates from the transformation of a material system deep inside aterrestrial body”. It also suggests that “gas, water, petroleum and all kindsof ore (material compounds of chemical elements) come out from the earth’s deepinside ”. This theory will guide the exploration of ores in future.

I.  Introduction

Traditional theory on the formation of coal mines isso-called “organic formation”, i.e., the movement of the earth’s crustswallowed and transformed primeval forest to coal mines after a long period ofevolution. There exists another explanation: Accumulated massive flora remainsunder normal temperature and pressure became autochthonous peat and humus soil,which were buried under ground and fossilized to became lignite; As temperatureand pressure gradually increased, the lignite became bituminous coal andanthracite. Accumulated in swamps and underwent bio-chemical actions,high-class vegetation and low-class vegetation became peat and humus soilrespectively. Humus soil is a kind of sludge-like matter rich of water andpitch. Glacier might have facilitated the collection and preservation ofremains of coal-to-be vegetation. Coal is a kind of black combustible fossilizeddeposit of a very thick layer black humus matter from vegetation’s leafs,branches, stalks and roots, which were beried undergroud because of the earthcrust’s movement, isolated from air for a long period and transformed through aseries of complicated physico-chemical process under high temperature andpressure. This is the process of formation of coal mines. The thickness of acoal mine’s deposit depends on the sink velocity of the earth’s crust and thevolume of collected vegetation’s remains. The structural movement of the earth’scrust makes originally horizontal coal seams folded and broken.

Were coal mines born in such a process? The abovetheory must be sudied and examined. A big coal deposit with very thick seamsand high-quality coal usually is not wide spread. If it is originated fromaccumulated vegetation’s leafs, branches, stalks and roots, the deposit’s areamust be very wide. Because, the earth was widely covered by forest and grass inancient times. Therefore, there should be coal deposit everywhere. Coal seamsmay not be very thick, because the rotten leafs, branches, stalks and roots inhunus soil would be absorbed by growing vegetations year by year. The recycleprocess would rule out concentratuon of buried vegetation and the boundarybetween layered soil and layered coal mine would not be clearly marked.Moreover, some people maintain that ancient forest, beried underground due toearthquakes and earth crust movements, became today’s coal mines after millionsyears of high temperature and high pressure action. In short, the rottenvegetation is in dispensable for the formation of coal mines.

The authors challenge the above theory:

 (1) Questioningthe volume of coal mine deposits. Maximal thickness of coal seams may reachover 100 meters and a single coal mine’s total reserve may reach tens ofbillions tons.   These facts raise aquestion: When and during what geological era did exist such abundant primevalforest? Even if all flora on the earth today collected together would not beable to form such a single coal mine’s reserve.

(2) If coal mines are evolutionary products fromforest, why are major part of coalseams composed of cristallized (bituminous) or powdered (anthracite) coals withoutslight trace of flora?

(3) Coal mine veins, explored so far, indicate thatthey grew in a linear form or along rock slits. If the “organic formation”theory is true, then the formation of multi-layer coal mine seams (coal veins)would require a superposition of multiple movements of the earth’s crust.However, coals from neighbouring seams belong to same geological era with samecarbon isotope. This fact contradicts the organic formation theory.

II. What should the mechanismof formation of coal mines be?

. According to a theory called “Laws of MaterialSystem’s Transformation” in 《Kinematics of Terrestrial Life》, coal mines are transformed from a kind ofhydrocarbon (petroleum) whichoriginate from the transformation of a material system deep inside aterrestrial body.

In the transformation of terrestrial body’s materialsystem, there is a kind of materaial system’s transformation, namely thenuclear fission of “heavy nuclear matters” (elements numbered 119-256 in the earth’s mantle) to become “lightnuclear matters” (elements numbered 118-1). Various combinations of these “lightnuclear matters” constitute various kinds of ores in the earth’s crust. Amongthe various kinds of ores, there is one which is a hydrocarbon compound, thepetroleum, composed of two “light nuclear matters”, the number 6 element(carbon) and the number 1 element (hydrogen). The petroleum in turn istransformed to coal after a long time of degeneration.

Petroleum is a chemical compound of hydrogen andcarbon (hydrocarbon). Its degeneration leads to the disintegration andvolatization of hydrocarbon derivatives. Natural gas and coal mine gas areamong the disintegrated hydrocarbon derivatives. The final remains from thedegeneration of petroleum are coal mines. (Figure 1).

 

lightnuclear matters

 

Element Number 6 (Carbon)   Element Number 1 (Hydrogen)

 

Petroleum

 

Natural Gas, Coal Mine Gas       Grease (hydrocarbon)      Coal

(light hydrocarbon compounds)   (heavy hydrocarbon compounds)

 

Figure 1  The process of coal’s formation

 

Actually, we have been doing the degeneration ofpetroleum to obtain cosl, although no one has paid attention to it. The processof refining the petroleum is an experimental degeneration of petroleum toobtain coal. Refinery factories are the labolatories. Refining petroleum isexactly a man-made degeneration of petroleum to obtain various hydrocarbonderivatives (gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubrication oil, etc.). Theremnant is pitch, which is coal’s primitive form in the way to its finalformation. If we further separate heavy aromatic hydrocarbons from pitch, theresultant product will be the coal.

The transformation of pitch to coal is frequentlyseen. For example, the pitch’s aging process: cristallized pitch becomescarbonized powder. Moreover, pitch can be used to make coke. On constructionsites, pitch is used as water-proof material. In such case, pitch must first becooked into gruel. If the temperature of cooking is not under appropriatecontrol, pitch may become coke.

Cocerning the existence of fossils of ancient extinctlife in coal mins, yes, there exist certain fossils of ancient extinct life. Butit is much too simplistic to conclude that coal mines originate from fossils ofancient extinct life. Usually, coal mines contain very small quantity offossils of ancient extinct life at rocky rims around coal mines. Most coalseams do not contain fossils of ancient extinct life.

The formation of fossiles is relevant to vulcanicaction as well as the movement of earth’s crust. The formation of petroleum isalso relevant to the fission of matters with heavy nuclear elements in theearth’s mantle of the earth’s core. The fission of the earth mantle matter(heavy nuclear elements) of the earth’s core causes abrupt changes accompaniedby two natural phenomena: earthquake and vulcanic eruption. The change of theearth’s crust due to vulcanic eruption causes it to be covered by the fossilsof ancient life. The covered areas have gaps where the chemical compounds oflight nuclear elements (hydrocarbon compound), i.e., the products from thefission of the earth mantle’s heavy nuclear elements in the earth core, aregathered.

The formation of desert is directly linked with thepetroleum’s transformation, which is directly caused by the disintegration ofrocks. This topic has been discussed in 《Kinematics of Terrestrial Life》—Section 《The formation of Desert》.

III.  The correlation among petroleum, gas and coal

Petroleum, gas and coal are generally correlated. Oilfields definitely have natural gas and.coal mine resources usuually can befound near oil field’s rim areas. Trace of petroleum is also often found incoal such as, for example, coal tar, tar asphalt, coal mine gas, etc. Moreover,desert areas are difinitely rich of petroleum deposits and the rim regionsaround desert areas are difinitely rich of cosl mine deposits. Believe it ornot, you may check global desert areas.

The authors propose the theory of evolutionaryformation of coal mines from petroleum. Some geologists raised questionsagainst our theory. Their argument is that coal and petroleum belong todiffernt geological times: coal is from Carboniferous and Permian times whereaspetroleum is from Jurassic and Crateceous times. So, the formation of petroleumwas later than that of coal. How can coal mines be born from petroleum? Therefore,some scholars propose a theory of “inorganic formation”, according to whichpetroleum came from evolutionary transformation of coal, not the other wayround. This theory is supported by today’s programs of making petroleum by useof coal. However, the evolutinary process is rversible.

Geological times of caol and petroleum are decided byuse of measuring carbon isotope. The carbon isotope in coal is less than inpetroleum so that, by inference, the geological time of coal’s formation isbefore that of petroleum’s. the carbon istope measurement does not contradictour theory about carbon’s formation from petroleum. Because, coal was not bornin Carboniferous and Permian times, which are earlier than Jurassic andCrateceous times when petroleum was born. Coal was an evolutionary product frompetroleum and the evolution took a long period after petroleum’s birth.in Jurassicand Crateceous times. That is why the carbon isotope in coal is less than inpetroleum. The carbon isotope measurement does not contradict our theory. Thisis the answer to geologists.  

Coal came from the transformation of petroleum. Thisis the true theory of coasl’s formatiom. This is the new explanation of coalmine’s formation in 《Kinematicsof Terrestrial Life》.

V.  Discussions

To sum up, coal mines are not transformed fromprimeval forest, buried deep under ground by the movement of the earth’s crustand underwent a long period of evolution. Coal mine field and oil field arecorrelated.

In the region of Donghai County under China’sLianyungang City jurisdiction, a program called “Mainland Scientific Drill”achieved a discovery of extraordinary underground fluid (gaseous) flow.Beginning at 476 meters deep down, gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon (methane,ethane, propane, etc.) with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were discovered.Traditional knowledge deems that the deeper the drill, the less the fluid(gaseous) flow. But, the reseachers discovered the contrary: the deep thedrill, the more frequent appearence of the gaseous flow. The gaseous methaneand helium discovered at different depths contain high Gamma ray from uraniumand thorium. More startling is that, in addition to various gaseous flow, freshwater, cristalized water and fossilized water were discovered at the depth of11,500 meters with prssure as high as  . Some deep drills even discovered petroleum. Water appearedwhere there it should not appear in accord to today’s theory about the earth’scrust, This indicates that the theory on the structure of the earth’s crust,mantle and core must be replaced by a new theory.

The above geological discovery justifies the authors’assertion that gas, watre, petroleum and sll ore deposits (compounds of chemicalelements) originate from the earth’s deep inside.

 

 

Rference:    

[1] 《Discovery of an Extralarge Coal Mine Field in XinjiangUygur Autonomous Region with Coal Seams as Thick as over 100 Meters》, Xinhua News Agency, 2011.

[2] Ma Xiaolan, 《Deep Land Drill Reaching 3,600 Meters 》.