华慧考博:2017考博英语语法之简单句五大基本句型

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所谓基本句型就是分句结构的几种基本“格局”,也就是千变万化的句子的结构雏形。正是这有限的分句结构雏形及其转换形式,能够衍生出无限的实际使用中的句子。现代英语的基本句型主要有五种,它们是:
[1]主一动一补(SVC)结构
在SVC结构中,谓语动词通常是连系动词(Linking Verb)。例如:
That car is mine.
She is in good health.
My brother has become an engineer.
These flowers smell fragrant.
All the tourists seemed pleased.
[2]主一动( SV)结构
在SV结构中,谓语动词通常是不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)。例如:
Iron rusts.
Everybody laughed.
The guests have arrived.
Prices are going down.
The children are sleeping.
[3]主一动一宾(SVO)结构
在SVO结构中,谓语动词通常是及物动词(Transitive Verb),随后须跟宾语,带一个宾语的及物动词又叫做“单宾语及物动词”( Mono-transitive Verb)。例如:
1 want a return ticket.
Liverpool(利物浦队)won the game.
Nobody could answer the question.
The train is building up speed(增速).
The plane is losing altitude(降低高度).
[4]主一动—宾—宾(SVoO)结构
在SVoO结构中,及物动词之后须跟两个宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语),这种动词又叫“双宾语及物动词”(Ditransitive Verb)。例如:
1 sent him a telegram.
Mary lent me her car.
David showed me the way.
Someone left you this note.
I made myself a cup of tea.
[5]主一动一宾一补(SVOC)结构
在SVOC结构中,及物动词之后须跟宾语和宾语补语,这种动词又叫“复杂宾语及物动词”(Complex Transitive Verb)。例如:
We made him our spokesman.
They elected him president.
He pronounced himself in favour of the plan.
They painted the walls creamy white.
The directors appointed him sales manager.
在上述诸例中,任何一个成分都为分句结构所必需,缺少任何一个都会破坏结构的完整性。从这个角度看,状语在句中通常并不是不可缺少的成分。例如:
She speaks English fluently.
这是一个“SVO-+状语”的句子,这个句子如果去掉状语fluently,尽管意义不同,其结构仍然完整。但是有少数几个动词用在SV和SVO结构中,其后必须带有状语,否则意义不明。例如:
I live in Beijing.
Shakespeare lived in the 16th and early 17th century.
They stayed in a hotel
The train leaves at six.
He will be flying to Shanghai.
在上述SV结构中,由于谓语动词的词汇意义,其后必须跟有地点状语或时间状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确。因此,这类句子也可称做SVA结构(A= Adverbial)。在下列SVO结构中,状语也是不可少的:
I put the material evidence in front of him.
He treated her vilely.
由于地点状语和方式状语在上述SVO结构中不可缺少,因此这类句子也可叫做SVOA结构。