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华慧考博:2017考博英语语法之简单句五大基本句型

(2016-10-24 10:48:31)
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所谓基本句型就是分句结构的几种基本“格局”,也就是千变万化的句子的结构雏形。正是这有限的分句结构雏形及其转换形式,能够衍生出无限的实际使用中的句子。现代英语的基本句型主要有五种,它们是:

[1]主一动一补(SVC)结构

SVC结构中,谓语动词通常是连系动词(Linking Verb)。例如:

That car is mine.

She is in good health.

My brother has become an engineer.

These flowers smell fragrant.

All the tourists seemed pleased.

 

[2]主一动( SV)结构

SV结构中,谓语动词通常是不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)。例如:

Iron rusts.

Everybody laughed.

The guests have arrived.

Prices are going down.

The children are sleeping.

 

[3]主一动一宾(SVO)结构

SVO结构中,谓语动词通常是及物动词(Transitive Verb),随后须跟宾语,带一个宾语的及物动词又叫做“单宾语及物动词”( Mono-transitive Verb)。例如:

1 want a return ticket.

Liverpool(利物浦队)won the game.

Nobody could answer the question.

The train is building up speed(增速).

The plane is losing altitude(降低高度).

 

[4]主一动—宾—宾(SVoO)结构

SVoO结构中,及物动词之后须跟两个宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语),这种动词又叫“双宾语及物动词”(Ditransitive Verb)。例如:

1 sent him a telegram.

Mary lent me her car.

David showed me the way.

Someone left you this note.

I made myself a cup of tea.

 

[5]主一动一宾一补(SVOC)结构

SVOC结构中,及物动词之后须跟宾语和宾语补语,这种动词又叫“复杂宾语及物动词”(Complex Transitive Verb)。例如:

We made him our spokesman.

They elected him president.

He pronounced himself in favour of the plan.

They painted the walls creamy white.

The directors appointed him sales manager.

在上述诸例中,任何一个成分都为分句结构所必需,缺少任何一个都会破坏结构的完整性。从这个角度看,状语在句中通常并不是不可缺少的成分。例如:

She speaks English fluently.

这是一个“SVO-+状语”的句子,这个句子如果去掉状语fluently,尽管意义不同,其结构仍然完整。但是有少数几个动词用在SVSVO结构中,其后必须带有状语,否则意义不明。例如:

I live in Beijing.

Shakespeare lived in the 16th and early 17th century.

They stayed in a hotel

The train leaves at six.

He will be flying to Shanghai.

在上述SV结构中,由于谓语动词的词汇意义,其后必须跟有地点状语或时间状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确。因此,这类句子也可称做SVA结构(A Adverbial)。在下列SVO结构中,状语也是不可少的:

I put the material evidence in front of him.

He treated her vilely.

由于地点状语和方式状语在上述SVO结构中不可缺少,因此这类句子也可叫做SVOA结构。

 

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